非谓语动词：动名词定义：动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。特征：动词原形+ing构成，具有名词，动词一些特征一、动名词的作用1、作主语1. 直接位于句首做主语。a) Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 b) Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣c) Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。1.“Why were you so late for work today？”“_ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.”（A）A） Driving B） I drove C） To drive D） That I drove2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 a) It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收b) It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。c) There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。常见句型：1.It is no(some, any) use/good of doing2.It is better/wonderful/enjoyable/interesting/foolish/difficult/useless/sensel-ess/worthwhile/politeless/rather tiring/terrible/crazy (注：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构)3.It is a bore/a waste of time/such an encouragement1. It is no use _ me not to worry.（B）A） you tell B） your telling C） for you to have told D）having told2. Tony， would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty _ his tape recorder？(B)A） to fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix3. Its no use _ to get a bargain these days.（B）A） to expect B） expecting C） wanting D） you expect3. 用于“There be”结构中。There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。there is no use of eating nothing but apples in order to lose weight.为了减肥只吃苹果是没有用的。常用句型：1. there is no use/point in/of 2. there is difficulty/trouble/pleasure in doing4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed here). （禁止吸烟） No parking.禁止停车5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 (逻辑主语的所有格+动名词)Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们过来帮忙给了我们很大的鼓励。注意点： 1. 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。例： Smoking is not good for health. 吸烟对你没好处。It is not good for you to smoke so much. 吸烟对你没好处。2. 在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything to him? Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 3.在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语： a) There is no telling what will happen. b) It is impossible to tell what will happen. 4.当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape 等。a) They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。b) I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。c) Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。1Mark of ten attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations。（D）A）shavings been fined B） to have been fined C） to be fined D） being fined2 My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime。(D)A） to have heard B） to hear C） for hearing D） hearing3. You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.(C)A） to hear B） to be heard C） hearing D） with hearing4. It is difficult to get used _ in a tent after having a soft， comfortable bed to lie on.(B)A） sleep B） to sleeping C） slept D） to sleep（2）作介词的宾语We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？1. She apologized for _ to come.（A）A） her not being able B） her being not ableC） not being able D） that shes not able to2.I have no objection _ the evening with them.（B）A） to spend B） to spending C） of spending D） spending3. After _ for the job， you will be required to take a language test.（A）A） being interviewed B） interviewed C） interviewing D）shavings interviewed（3）作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。1. He is very busy _ his papers。 He is far too busy _ callers. (B)A） to write ；to receive B） writing ；to receiveC） writing ；receiving D） to write ；for receiving3、作表语主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。4、作定语动名词作定语，表示被修饰词的某种用途。a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine