生活景观The Living Landscape学 部（院）：建筑与艺术设计学院 专 业：艺术设计（环境艺术设计）学 生 姓 名： 学 号： 指 导 教 师： 完 成 日 期： 8CONTINUING CITIZENINVOLVEMENT ANDCOMMUNITY EDUCATIONEducation is a lifelong process that should seek to achieve awareness, balanced per-ception, learning, and decision making. To accomplish these goals, individuals mustdevelop a functional understanding of their cultural inheritance as well as the abilityto contribute in a positive manner to society. Education occurs through the tradi-tional institutions identified for that purpose, through continuing involvement in adiscipline, through community programs, and, in the broadest sense, through popu-lar culture. Community education increases both citizens and planners knowledgeabout a place.Many planners have urged that public education and involvement efforts be in-tegrated thoroughly into each step of the planning process. For instance, accordingto William Lassey,If planning is to be successful, a major reordering of public education, involvement,and communication processes maybe necessary Existing scientific knowledge abouteffective communication processes, and knowledge about human learning providevastly increased potential for public understanding,appreciation, and involvement in significant societaldecisions. Formal education methods for diffusing in-formation and internalizing knowledge are archaiccompared with potential learning capability of the hu-man population. It is increasingly clear that lifelongeducational processes are essential for adequate hu-man adjustment to changing job requirements andlife-styles, but effective communication of knowledgecrucial to public decision making is equally importantif the planet is to survive (1977, 74). As a result, community education must be bothfuture-oriented and ongoing. Continuing educationshould assist people in making linkages between theirindividual skills and interests and larger public is-sues. Without such linkages, the rules and regula-dons developed to protect peoples health, safety, andwelfare will be treated with suspicion by those whomthey were meant to protect. Although communityeducation and citizen involvement should be consid-ered central and integral to each step in the plan-ning process as indicated by Figure 1.1, they are placed here in the process as a reminder that even after a landscape plan has been developed, continued explanation about the plan is often necessary before it is implemented. Rachel Kaplan and her colleagues argue that gen-uine participation needs to start early and reach the di-verse segments of the population (Kaplan et al. 1998,126). They also note that meaningful participation re-quires information that is readily understood (Kaplanet al. 1998, 128). A strategy that combines these twopoints would be to involve people early, then collect and synthesize the relevant information so that it may be understood, and then reengage the public. However, citizens can be involved in even the most technical steps of the planning process. For example, in the early 1970s,Ian McHarg worked with the people of Wilmington andDover, Vermont, to compile a detailed ecological inventort and analysis of their region (McHarg and Steiner1998). Planners, politicians, architects, landscape archi-tects, and other community leaders have much to gainfrom citizen participation. A public involvement pro-gram can guarantee the success of a policy or project. It is also democratic. When viewed as part of ongoingcommunity education, citizens and planners widentheir planning knowledge as a result of participatoryefforts.Citizen involvement techniques can be classified as information dissemination, information collection, inidative planning, reactive planning, decision making, and participation process support. Community organizadons, publications, and television and radio can be used in a community education program门wo examples of planning efforts that have included an educational element include the University of Wisconsin Community Development Program and the Blueprint for a Sustainable San Francisco Bay Area.Citizen InvolvementOne of the major purposes of planning is to involvecitizens in their government. A program should bedeveloped that seeks to involve all citizens in eachstep of the planning process. There is no formula asto how to involve citizens in all phases of planning.However, the characteristics of such an open plan-ning process are easy to identify. According to theU.S. Department of Transportation,Openness means that the purpose and the content ofthe process as well as the schedule for doing it, are de-scribed as clearly and concretely as po