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状语从句【基础知识】状语从句在句中作状语,修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;放在主句之后时,一般不用逗号分开。状语从句按其意义和作用可以分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,.原因状语从句,.条件状语从句,目的状语从句,.让步状语从句,.比较状语从句,.方式状语从句,.结果状语从句共9种。 一、 时间状语从句主要由以下连词或短语引导:while, when, as,until,till,before,after,since,each time, every time,whenever,by the time; as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等短语也引导时间状语从句,这些连词都表示“一就”。1、【区别】when, while和as的区别:whenand then; at that moment (正在那个时候) 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如: When she came in, I stopped eating. 她进来时,我不在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词) We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。 While=during the time that, 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。 As表示“一边一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如: We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边一边”) As we were going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)2、由until和till引导的时间状语从句:由till或until引导的时间状语从句, 一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。till不可以用在句首,而until可以放在句首。例如: I didnt go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked till he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 3、 hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如: He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。 4、由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is 时间since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如: I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。 It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 知识扩展1. It is since从。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词,表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before(until) the police arrived.过了一个小时,警察才来。二、 地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、 方位, 这类从句通常由where,wherever引导。We must camp where we can get water.我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。Go back where you came from.你从何处来到何处去三、 方式状语从句 1、方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。2、 as if, as though 引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)四、 原因状语从句用一个句子作状语,说明另一个句子谓语动词发生的原因,做状语的句子就叫原因状语从句。1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since, now (that),等:I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside. 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。Since /As weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱,我们无法购买它。Now that you are here, youd better stay. 你既然来了,最好还是留下吧(既来之,则安之)。2、because 从句与 because of短语的转换Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换:He cant come because he is ill. / He cant come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。3、比较:because, since, as和for (1). because引导的原因状语从句表示直接原因, 语气最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,最适合回答 why引导的疑问句,一般放于主句之后,不能和so连用。例如:I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。(2). since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”),语气比because弱。例如:Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息, 你最好帮我补习数学。注意: seeing (that),now (that),considering (that),in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近,都表示“既然”。例如:Seeing (that) he refused to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们, 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了, 就不应该依靠你的父母了。Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了, 我们就开始讨论吧。(3). as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明或对发生动作的一种解释和说明, 语气比since弱,位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如:As it is raining, youd better take a taxi. 因为天在下雨, 你最好乘出租汽车。I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我睡得早, 因为我筋疲力尽了。(4). for 连接一个并列句,只提供一些辅助性的补充说明,只能放在句子后面,并且用逗号隔开。例如:He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我, 因为我不在那里。 五、目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句常用的连词有: that(以便),so that(以便), in order that(为了;以便),for fear that(生怕;以免),in case (that) 以防。目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。例如:You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.你必须说话大声点,以便大家都能听到你。He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.他把名字记了下来,以防忘记。【注意】in order that
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