1999-01-3541SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIESExperimental Investigations of Flow and Temperature Fields in an SI Engine and Comparison with Numerical AnalysisJ. Engstrom, C. F. Kaminski and M. AldenLund Institute of TechnologyG. Josefsson and I. MagnussonVolvo Technological Development Corp.Reprinted From: Modeling and Diagnostics in SI Engines (SP-1481)The Engineering Society For Advancing Mobility Land Sea Air and SpaceINTERNATIONALThe Engineering Society For Advancing Mobility Land Sea Air and SpaceINTERNATIONALInternational Fall Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition Toronto, Ontario, Canada October 25-28,1999400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 U.S.A. Tel: (724) 776-4841 Fax: (724) 776-57607. Flame Emission And Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: vol. 1 (Dean, J.A., Rains, T.C., editors), Marcel Dekker, N.Y. and London, 19698. Alkemade, C.T.J., A Theoretical Discussion on Some Aspects of Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Flames”，Pure and AppL Chern. 23:73-97,19709. Dec, J, Keller, J.O., High Speed Thermometry Using Two Line Atomic Fluorescence”，Twenty-first Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1986, pp 1737-1745.10. Kaminski, C.F., Engstrom, Evaluation of 2-Line Laser Induced Atomic Fluorescence for 2-Dimensional Thermometry in Practical Combustion Applica- tionsM, Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis, Technical Digest, Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 1998, pp 190- 192.11. Kaminski, C. F., Engstrom, J. and Alden, M. Quasi- instantaneous 2-dimensional Temperature Measurements in a Spark lanition Engine Using 2-line Atomic Fluorescence1, 2k International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Boulder 1998, pp 85-9312. Adrian, R.J., Tarticle-imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics，Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 23, pp. 261261-304, 199113. Dantec Measurement Technology TIowMap Installation & Users guide，199714. Hentschel, W., Schindler, K.P. and Haahtela O., SAE Paper 941954, 199415. Weller, H.G., “The Development of a New Flame Area Combustion Model Using Conditional Averag- ing，Thermo-Fluids Section Report TF/9307, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial Co lege of Science Technology and Medicine, 1993.16. Haraguchi H. and Winefordner J. D., Local Temperature Profiles and Atomic Fluorescence Intensity Pro-APPENDIXDifferent laser based thermometry approaches have been employed using atoms, both from naturally occurring atoms such as (O, N, H etc.) or from introduced metal atoms. Previous work has shown that atomic species with low-lying metastable states like gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl) and lead (Pb) can be employed in a two-line approach. Their relative advantages are discussed in 16. Table 2 give the required excitation wavelengths in a two-line approach using Ga, In, Tl, and Pb. Figure 9 shows the relative temperature sensitivity of the fluorescence signal of these species.Table 2.Species入 i(nm)X2(nm)AE(eV)Gallium403.4417.30.109Indium410.3451.30.274Thallium377.6535.00.966Lead339.4461.91.320the present application In was ideally suited since maximum temperatures were in the region of 2800 K.Temperature (K)Figure 9. The variation of relative temperature sensitivity with flame temperature for In, Ga, Tl, and Pb.For low temperature measurements Ga is the best candidate. But the two fluorescence wavelengths are spectrally close, making them difficult to isolate, which may introduce large errors in the fluorescence ratio. Lead is seen not to be suited for use in practical flames. For flame temperatures, in the range of 2000-3000K both In and Tl are suitable. However, when using Tl, emission noise and poor signals can be a problem because of nearby higher states which are collisionally populated. Furthermore, Tl is much more toxic than In.In summary In is seen to be the best candidate for temperature measurements in practical engine application, if the two-line technique with metal atoms is chosen. ForThe appearance of this ISSN code at the bottom of this page indicates SAEs consent that copies of the paper may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay a $7.00 per article copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Operations Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of publication. Direct your orders to SAE Customer Sales and Satisfaction Department.Quantity reprint rates can be obtained from the Customer Sa