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常见错误及例子剖析1.不一致(Disagreements)所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致,它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。病句:When one have money, he can do what he want to.(人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。 改为:Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).2.句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)在口语中,交际双方可借助手势、语气、上下文等理解不完整的句子。可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,加补充说明时发生。病句:There are many ways to know the society. For example, by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析:本句后半部分“For example, by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子,仅为一些词语,不能独立成句。 改为:There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper. 3. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。这种错误在四六级中出现较多。病句1:At the age of ten, my grandfather died.剖析:这句中“at the age of ten”只点出“十岁时”,但没有说明“谁”十岁时。按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么令人费解了。改为:When I was ten, my grandfather died.病句2:To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析:句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不清楚。改为:To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 4. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) “词性误用”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。这属于较低级的错误。病句:None can negative the importance of money.剖析:negative是形容词,误作动词。改为:None can deny the importance of money.5. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。这种错误在四六级中较常见。病句1:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)剖析:读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.病句2:And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves. 6.不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为:There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或:There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.7.措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题,囿于教学时间紧迫,教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限,影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲、斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲,拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。四六级、考研英语中都是常见的毛病。病句:The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析:显然,考生把obstacles“障碍、障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use(使用的不断增加)”应改为“abusive use(滥用)”。改为:The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 8. 累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词;写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。严格说这不算错误,但是对考研英语来说,累赘的毛病很常见,考生一定要有意识地去避免。病句1:In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.剖析:本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句,我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”。改为:In spite of his laziness, I like him.病句2:For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析:整个句子可以大大简化。改为:Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. 9.不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。病句:The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.10.综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”,是指除了上述错误以外,还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。病句:Today, Money to everybody is very importance, ours eat, cloth, live, go etc.可改为:Today money is very important for everybody to live in the world.第二节 用词方面的错误词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。 1、 拼写错误 拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功,但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准,但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差,同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中,斜体部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出,有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。 .flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest. In its long history it beared excellent culture,. In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with this. What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work. With the development of saciety, . enviroment pollution, We could do anything happyly. 2、近形异义词(词组)混用 英语中有很多单词(词组)词形非常相似,但词义却相差甚远,使用起来往往容易混淆。这是考试英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词(词组)的混用或误用经常会引起歧义,有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反,但考生常将二者混淆;其他容易混淆的词还有: confirm (确认) conform (使适合) economic (经济的) economical (节约的) courage (勇气) encourage (鼓励) transmit (传送) transform (转换) liter (升、公升) litter (乱丢、乱扔) consist of (由组成) consist in (存在于) belong to (属于) belong in (应归入) 3、搭配不当 英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配,这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固,经常在这方面出错,从而影响了对作文的理解。 误: to solve the question 正: to solve the problem (or: to answer the question) 误: pay attention on 正: pay attention to 误: Many changes have happened. 正: Many changes have taken place. 误: on my opinion 正: in my opinion 4、用词不当 许多考生由于词汇量有限,
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