句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补足语、同位语、定语、状语和独立成分。(一)主语主语是句子要说明的人或物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。它可以由名词、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句等构成。例如：Amy tossed her head.艾米摇了摇头。She tried to push her worries out of her head, but in vain.她试图不去想那些令人忧愁的事，但是做不到。Eight is considered to be a lucky number in China because it sounds like the word meaning“prosperity”.在中国，八是一个幸运数字，因为它听起来就像是“发财”的“发”字。Working up a good campaign plan meant he had to stay up all night. 制订一个好的竞选计划意味着他必须得熬夜。To analyse the question in different ways is necessary.用不同的方式分析这个问题是必要的。It is important for the teacher to encourage the students to fully express their ideas in class.教师在课上鼓励学生充分表达他们的想法是很重要的。It is foolish of you to stay with her for a whole morning.你陪她呆了一上午真是太愚蠢了。Where to go for a picnic hasnt been decided.去哪儿野餐还没定下来。Who will be nominated as class president has nothing to do with her.谁被提名为班长和她没有任何关系。It was clear that she was upset and trying not to show it.很明显，她心烦意乱，又试图不表现出来。（二） 谓语谓语是句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分，一般放在主语之后。实义动词可以直接担任谓语；连系动词必须和表语一起构成谓语；助动词和情态动词必须和其他动词一起构成复合谓语。谓语动词有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语的人称和数的影响。例如：I am not worried at all.我一点也不担心。She sounded more embarrassed than glad.她听起来尴尬而不是高兴。Joan lowered her voice to a whisper.琼压低了声音说话。Jessica didnt want to hurt her sisters feelings.杰西卡不想伤害她妹妹的感情。He could have lost some weight when he worked on the farm.在农场工作时，他本来能够减点肥的。(三)表语表语在句子中用来说明主语的身份、特征或状态等，一般位于连系动词后面，二者共同构成谓语。它可以由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和从句等构成。例如：Can they remain friends?他们还能继续做朋友吗？These are something newly-produced.这些是新产品。Ivan looked bored and shook his head no.伊凡显得很厌烦，摇了摇头表示不同意。My mother isnt in right now.我妈妈现在不在家。She is always the first to sit during dinner time.晚餐时，她总是第一个就座。The air tickets are on me. 这些机票钱由我来支付。Most audience dont seem to care about the game. They care about the cheerleaders performances instead. 大多数观众似乎对比赛并不关心，他们关心的是拉拉队员的表演。Neldas work was sewing school uniforms in her early twenties.内尔达20岁出头时的工作是缝制校服。The problem is that the identical twins like dressing alike.问题是那对长相相同的孪生姐妹喜欢穿同样的服装。(四)宾语宾语在句子中表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。及物动词或相当于及物动词的动词短语、介词后须带宾语，一些形容词也可以带宾语。有些动词可以有两个宾语，一般来讲，指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)以及从句等可以充当宾语。例如：You borrowed my barrettes without asking for my permission.你没有经过我允许就借走了我的发夹。She never had much to say to me.她从来没有太多的话对我说。Her mother often asks her to count up to one hundred before she falls asleep.她妈妈常让她在入睡前数到100。Maybe you girls would like to take ballet at the Dance Studio.也许你们女孩喜欢去舞蹈工作室上芭蕾舞课。I want to tell you why Im sorry about what happened at the Sunflower Burger. 我想告诉你我为什么对在葵花汉堡包店发生的事感到后悔。I am sure that a visit to the Hilton stables always puts Jenny in a great mood. 我确信去参观希尔顿马厩总是令詹妮情绪高涨。Can you tell me where and when the next Olympic Games will be held?您能告诉我下届奥运会举办的地点和时间吗？(五)补足语一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其作进一步补充说明，意思才能完整和明确，该补足语叫宾语补足语。宾语及其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间一般存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)等可以充当宾语补足语。带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，要把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。例如：She was only four minutes older than Ina, but that still made her the big sister.她比艾娜只早出生四分钟，但她却成了大姐姐。Im pleased to see you so enthusiastic about this special project.我很高兴看到你对这个特殊项目如此热心。The entrance guard let us in reluctantly.门卫极不情愿地让我们进来了。When she transferred to the new school, she found herself in an awkward position.当她转到这所新学校时，她发现自己处在尴尬的境地。They dont want the club to get any bigger.他们不想再扩大俱乐部的规模。You dont worry about me listening to your plans.你不用担心我听到了你的计划。Whenever I mentioned his stories in his early childhood, he always had me interrupted. 我一提到他儿时的故事，他就打断我。They were allowed to stay in the seaside town foranother three days.他们被允许在这个海滨小镇再呆上三天。(六)同位语在句子中，当一个成分是对另一个成分的说明或解释时，该成分就叫做另一个成分的同位语。名词、代词、数词、动名词(短语)以及从句等可以充当同位语。例如：Elizabeth, the twelve-year-old girl, tried not to feel disappointed. But it would feel awfully strange to do something so important without Jessica involved.伊丽莎白，这个12岁的小姑娘试图不感到失望，但是没有杰西卡的参与而去做如此重要的事情总是让人感觉特别奇怪。Maria takes care of her neighbors gardens more than they do themselves.玛利亚打理邻居家的花园比人家自己都上心。In his speech, the headmaster often mentioned the popularly-used number, three,in those years.那位校长在讲话中经常提及那些年人们普遍使用的数字三。His habit, speaking in dialect with his family, remains unchanged.他和家人用方言交谈的习惯仍没有改变。I have a feeling that they will change their minds.我感到他们要改变主意。(七)定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句，叫定语。能担任定语的包括形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词的所有格、分词 (短语)、动名词、动词不定式(短语)、介词短语、冠词、副词以及从句。与现代汉语的定语通常前置所不同的是、英语的定语可以前置.也可以后置。我们应该着重关注后置定语的理解和运用。1.短语作定语时应后置例如：Every girl at the table was sensational-looking and dressed in great clothes.坐在桌子周围的每个姑娘都美若天仙，穿着鲜亮。He visited Alice Springs,a small town located in the centre of Australia last month.上个月，他去了艾利斯斯普林斯，一个位于澳大利亚中部的小镇。Everybody needs a shoulder to cry on sometimes in life.每个人的一生总有些时候需要有个肩膀可以靠着哭泣。The first train going to the Central Station leaves at seven oclock every morning.开往中央火车站的第一趟火车每天早晨七点出发。2.作不定代词something、anything、nothing、someone等的定语应后置例如：Mrs. Hudson often ha