29 all, whole(1)all和whole常含有相同的意思，但词序不同：all放在冠词、物主代词或其他限定词之前；whole用在冠词等之后，后接名词。all the world the whole worldall the time the whole timeall that afternoon that whole afternoonall my life my whole lifeall his energy his whole energyall this confusion this whole confusion(2)但如没有冠词或其他限定词，whole不能与单数名词连用。The whole city was burning.(正)整座城市都在燃烧。Whole city was burning.(误)(3)“the whole” 不能接复数的普通名词或专有名词，如，不能说the whole books/students/China，应说the whole book,the whole of the students, the whole of China,the whole of my time, the whole of the western world。(4)与复数名词连用时，all与whole含义不同。whole意为“全部的、整个的”；all意为“所有的”，与every相似。All Indian tribes/Every Indian tribe suffered from white settlement in America.所有/每个印第安部落都由于白人在美洲的定居而遭受了磨难。Whole Indian tribes were killed off.(=Complete tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these tribes.)整个的印第安部落都被杀绝了。(5) whole一般不与不可数名词或物质名词连用。如，可以说all the money,all the wine，但不用whole。(6)短语the whole of 可与单数名词连用，放在冠词、物主代词等之前，如：the whole of the time, the whole of this confusion, the whole of my life等。30 all one to, all the same to(1)两个短语均表示“对都一样”，在此意义上两者可以换用。Its all one/all the same to me whether he stays or goes home to his parents.他是留下还是回家去父母那儿对我都一样。Whether you get there by bus or by taxiits all one/all the same.你是乘公共汽车还是乘出租车去那里都一样。(2)all the same还可表示“尽管如此；仍旧，照样”。Of course, Ill take your word for it, but it seems to me a very queer business all the same.当然，对你的话我信以为真，但尽管如此，这在我看来仍是一件非常奇怪的事。You say the performance isnt worth seeing; I shall go to see for myself all the same.你说演出不值得看，但我还是要自己去看看。Whistle:31 allow, permit,let(1)allow和permit有相似的含义和用法。allow常用于日常口语，permit较为正式。两者均可接宾语+不定式。We do not allow/permit people to smoke in the lecture hall.我们不允许人们在报告厅里吸烟。(2)在接无人称宾语时，要用动名词形式。We do not allow/permit smoking in the lecture hall.在报告厅里我们不允许吸烟。(3)在被动式句型中，人称主语和动名词主语均可。People are not allowed/permitted to smoke in the lecture hall.在报告厅里，是不许吸烟的。Smoking is not allowed/permitted in the lecture hall.报告厅内不许吸烟。(4)allow可与副词一起用(permit则不可)。Mama,Jack wouldnt allow me in/out.妈妈，杰克不让我进/出去。(5)let是三者中最不正式的一个。Please allow me to buy you a drink.(较为正式和礼貌)请允许我给你买杯饮料。Let me buy you a drink.(听起来友好和随便)让我给你买杯饮料吧。(6) 用于此意时，let通常不用被动式，而以allow代之。I wasnt allowed to pay for the drinks.不让我付饮料钱。32 almost, nearly(1)两个词意思相似，都表示“几乎，差不多”。almost强调“差一点，缺一点”；nearly侧重于“接近”。在许多情况下，两者可以换用而无多大差别，但用almost的意思比用nearly“更为接近”一些。She is almost/nearly blind.她差不多/几乎瞎了。We had almost/nearly reached our destination.我们快要到达目的地了。I almost/nearly fell off my bike.我差点从自行车上摔下来。Hes almost/nearly as clever as you.他几乎和你一样聪明。(2)以上这些例句中表示的意思都是比较具体的，是空间或时间上的进展，或者是可以测量、能够比较的事物。在其他情况下，nearly并非总是可用的。Our cat understands everything hes almost human.我们的猫什么都懂它简直能通人性。I almost think their plan is doomed to fall flat.我差不多认为他们的计划是注定要失败的。My aunt has got a strange way of talking. She almost sounds foreign.我姑妈有一种奇怪的讲话方式，听起来好像有外国口音。*以上例句中，不宜用nearly，又如：In that long dress she looks almost graceful.(不用nearly)穿着那件长礼服，她看上去简直是优雅迷人。(3) nearly往往不与never, nobody, no-one,nothing, nowhere,no and none等连用，常以almost，或用hardly与一个非否定形式代之，如：almost never/hardly ever, almost nobody/hardly anybody, almost no money/hardly any money。(4)在more than，too之前，可用almost。This is almost more than we feared.这简直比我们担心的情况还要糟。Thats almost too much.那简直太过分了。(5)在具体数字前，常使用nearly。This building is nearly twenty feet higher than that one.这座大楼比那座高出近20英尺。The mother is nearly twice as old as her son.这位妈妈的年龄几乎是儿子的两倍。(6)almost一般应靠近它所修饰的词，其位置不同，意思也会不同。The boy almost wept every time he was scolded. (He did not actually weep.almost修饰wept)这男孩每次受责备时都几乎要哭出来。The boy wept almost every time he was scolded. (He did not weep every time. almost修饰every time)这男孩受责备时几乎每次都要哭。常见的almost用错的位置。He almost studied all night.(应改为：He studiedalmost all night.)他几乎学习了一整夜。Every one of us has almost seen the lion in the zoo.(应改为Almost every one of us has seen the lion in the zoo.)几乎我们每个人都见到过动物园里的那头狮子。(7)美国人常用almost no，等于英国人常用的hardly any, scarcely any，意为“几乎(没有)，简直(没有)”。Almost nobody passed the examination.几乎没有人通过这场考试。There was almost no snow last winter, so the wheat is withering for want of water.去年冬天几乎没有下雪，因此小麦因缺水都枯萎了。(8) not nearly等于by no means,far from，意为“远非；相差很远”。The job is not nearly so easy as I expected.这工作远不如我预期的那么容易。There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.这里做这项工作的人远远不够。33 along,beside, by(1)along与表示细长之物的名词(如road, river，seashore,street, corridor,line等)连用，表示“沿着，由一头到另一头的纵向运动”(横向用across)。I saw a crowd of boys running along the road.我看见一群男孩在沿着道路跑。(2)along,beside和by在跟表示移动的动词连用时，意思相同。Hand in hand, we walked along/by/beside the river. 我们手拉着手，沿着河边散步。(用along时，最好加bank之类的限制词，以与河上区分；along可用于river本身。)(3)by,beside常指固定位置，along一般不指固定位置。I saw there was a man lying beside/by the river.我看见那儿有一个人躺在河边。(4)在像Come along(=Come with me)Move along,please!请向前走(不要阻塞交通)！一类短语中，along用作副词。Now,run along!马上跑过来！Pass the note along.把纸条传过去。The years glide swiftl