非谓语讲义二动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1.动名词的形式：否定式：not+动名词1）一般式：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not+动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词He suggested our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2.动名词的句法功能：1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarreling.争吵是没用的。2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid， excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒险）, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from),keep .from, stop.(from）,protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定语：He cant walk without a walkingstick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗？5）作同位语：The cave, his hidingplace is secret.那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。三、现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1.现在分词的形式否定式：not+现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。如：They went to the park, _. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。_his homework, he played basketball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem _s very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。_many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2.现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语放在名词后。In the _ he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man_ the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man _the teacher.2）现在分词作表语：The film_ in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。be+doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词作表语，它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如：Can you hear her _ the song in the next room？你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car _ at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。4）现在分词作状语 作时间状语(While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语，表示伴随He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他待在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语 He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语 He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语 Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格 I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。_, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分 _his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。_, girls are more careful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。四、过去分词过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1.过去分词作定语Our class went on an _ trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2.过去分词作表语The window is broken.窗户破了。They were _at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3.过去分词作宾语补足语 I heard the song_ several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词作with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。4.过去分词