A Study of Code余燕【Abstract】Code-SwitchingCSisaninterestinglinguisticphenomenonwhichreferstotheuseoftwoormorelinguisticvarietiesinthesameconversationorinteraction.ThefilmsofRushHourinvolvesagreatdealofCSandthusbecomesanidealmaterialtostudythelinguisticphenomenon.ThispaperisdedicatedtoanalyzingCSinfilmsofRushHourwithMyers-ScottonsMarkednessModel.【Keywords】Code-Switching;RushHour;MarkednessModelIntroduction1.ResearchBackgroundandobjectivesSincethe1970s，CShasbecomeaheatedresearchtopicforlinguists.Overthepastdecades，globalizationhaswitnessedasharpriseofCS.Itcanbeeasilyfoundineverydaylife.Forexample，“Whatareyou弄啥嘞？hasbeenspreadasanetworkbuzzwordforitimpressespeoplewithfunniness.ThepopularRushHourfilmsmadeagooduseofCSEnglish，Chinese，CantoneseandJapanesetoachieveaneffectofhumor.Charactersinitswitchtheircodesaccordingtodifferentlanguageenvironments，purposesandsoon.Therefore，RushHourcanbetakenasanidealcasetostudyCSphenomenon.ThisthesisismeanttoconductatheoreticalstudyofCSwithMyersScottonsMarkednessModelandisdedicatedtofindoutunderlyingmechanismsandfunctionsofCS.Indetails，thisthesisaimstosolvethefollowingquestions：1WhatarethecausesofCSinRushHour？2WhatcharacteristicsdoesCSinRushHourhave？3WhatarethefunctionsofCSinRushHour？2.LiteratureReview2.1TheDefinitionofCSThetermCSrefersto“thealternateuseoftwoormorelanguageswithinthesameutteranceorduringthesameconversationHoffmann，1991.CS，acovertermforlanguageorcodealternations，isanextremelycommonoccurrenceandafavoredstrategy，especiallyinoraldiscourseVerschuren，1999.2.2PreviousStudiesonCSInthe1970s，BlomandGumperzdistinguishedtwotypesofCSinSocialMeaninginStructure：CSinNorway.TheymadeadistinctionbetweensituationalandmetaphoricalCS.In1983，Myers-ScottonputforwardhisMarkednessModel.Theconcept“markednesswasfirstputforwardbyJakobson.Scottonputthisconceptintothestudyoflanguagevariationandthoughtthatthechoiceofcodealsohadadistinctionbetween“markedand“unmarked.3.TheoreticalFoundationWithextensivelinguistictheorybasis，MarkednessModelisadevelopmentofmarkednesstheoryincognitivepragmaticaspectZhuChanghe，2020.InMarkednessModel，membersinthesamelinguisticcommunityhavetheconsensusofwhatthesuitablecodeis，andtheknowledgethatchoosingmarkedcodesincertainsituationswillleadtospecialeffects.Scottonpresumesthatmarkednessmetric，speakerscompetencetoidentifymarkedcodes，iscontainedinChomskyspragmaticcompetence.Thecognitivesysteminspeakersmindwillobtainthecapabilityofunderstandingmarkednessthroughspeakersinteractionexperienceinhisorherspeechcommunity.3.1IndexicalityandEffectTwofundamentalnotionsinMarkednessModelareindexicalityandeffect.basedonindexicality，acodeisincludedintomarkedorunmarkedcategoriesaccordingtotheexpectationsaspeechcommunityhaveinspecificlanguagesettings.Thechoicethatcanbepredicatedbysocialnormsisunmarked.However，whetheracodeismarkedornotisamatterofcontinuumandthereisnoclearcutbetweenthem.Effectislinkedtohowthelistenerprocessthespeakersintention.Scottonconsideredthatintention，theindirectmeaninginanutterance，canalsobeexpressedthroughCS.InherCodesandConsequences，lotsofexamplesshowthatspeakersmayexpresscertainintentionbymeansofCS.3.2RightsandObligationsandNegotiationPrincipleScottonproposeda“RightsandObligationsprincipletheROset，whichreferstothemutualattitudesandexpectationsparticipantshaveforeachotherinaconversation.Unmarkedcodechoicesformasetofunmarked“rightsandobligationswhilemarkedchoicesaremanifestationsofnegotiation.3.3RationalActorModelCodechoicesarecalculatedbyspeakersinordertogainmaximumbenefits.Firstly，asrationalactsattachimportancetocost-benefitanalysis，choicesarenecessarilyrelatedtopurposes.Secondly，rationalityisalsothemechanismtoaccountforhowchoicesaremade.Thereasonsforspeakerstochoosecertaincodeisthattheywanttogetbenefitfromthechoiceofthemselves.4.TheAnalysisofCSinRushHourbyMarkednessModelInthefollowingdialogues，allspeakersinthedialogueshaveaconsensuswhichguidesthemtochoosemarkedorunmarkedcodeunderdifferentcircumstances.Andspeakersactofswitchingcodesisarationalandleadstosomeends.Particularly，CSasamarkedchoiceisaprocessofnegotiatingtoabolishthecurrentRightsandObligationsset，andmeanwhile，constructinganewsetofRightsandObligationsthespeakerwantsthelistenertoaccept.Dialogue1InAmericaTheChineseinspectorLeefinallymettheChineseConsulHanafterfightingwithAmericanFBImembers：InspectorLeetoAmericanFBIinEnglish：Dontmove.toConsulinMandarin：對不起，我来晚了。ConsulHantoInspectorLeeinMandarin：你等一等啊。toAmericanFBI：Mr.Rose，Ithinkthereweresomemisunderstandings.Dialogue2InHongKongInspectorLeeandCarterwenttoaclubtoinvestigateamurdercase.InspectorLee：Theydontliketouristhere，sotrytoblendin.Carter：whatdoyoumean？blendin？Iamtwofeettallerthaneverybodyhere.WaitressinCantonese：两位么？InspectorLeealsoinCantonese：是呀，我們只是想喝杯东西。WaitressinCantonese：随意啊。ThesetwodialoguesaretheexamplesofsequentialunmarkedCSforspeakerssocialidentitieshavechangedinthedialogues.Whenthespeakertalkedtohiscountryman，hespokemothertongue.When