英语语言学导论复习提纲IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.1. affix p372. affricate3. applied linguistics4. articulatory phonetics5. aspiration6. back-formation7. blending8. bound morpheme 9. broad transcription10. complementary distribution 11. componential analysis12. context13. Conversational implicature14. deep structure 15. duality16. free morpheme 17. homonymy18. idiolect19. illocutionary act20. indirect speech act21. inflection22. linguistic sexism 23. morpheme 24. Move 25. narrow transcription26. perlocutionary act27. phatic communion28. phoneme 29. phonology 30. pidgin 31. predication32. presupposition33. register34. relational opposites35. speech community36. supresegmental features37. tone38. trace39. utterance40. voicelessVI. Answer the following questions. 1. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance2. Comment with at least three examples on the following statement:”There is undoubtedly no single cause of language change.”3. Do you think that the pictographic characters in Chinese such as 人、日、火 contradict with one of the design features of language arbitrariness? Why or why not?4. Explain what is sense and what is reference with examples5. Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related6. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?8. How is language related to society?9. How is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?10. How is utterance meaning different from sentence meaning?11. What are derivational affixes and inflectional affixes? Give examples to show their different functions.12. What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?13. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to particularized conversational implicatue.14. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 15. What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds? 16. What contribution did Saussure make to modern linguistics?17. What is blending, abbreviation and back formation? 18. What is entailment and what is presupposition? Give examples to illustrate19. What is the difference between competence and performance, according to Noam Chomsky?20. What is the difference between Sense and Reference in semantic study? Explain with examples21. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning？22. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 23. Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?24. Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules?25. Why is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English?