2022年6月恩波英语六级模考（一）Passage OneIts a brand new world - a world built around brands. Hard-charging, noise-making, culture-shaping brands are everywhere. Theyre on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for .com startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透)peoples everyday lives - by sticking their logoes (商标) on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms .We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonalds open kiosks(小亭) in elementary school lunchrooms, in which schools like Stanford University are endowed with a Yahoo! Founders Chair. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspects of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutinyand an inevitable backlash(剧烈反响) by consumers.“Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing -and that has real implications for citizenship,” says author and activists Naomi Klien. “Its important for any healthy culture to have public space- a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. Weve completely lost that space.Since the mid-1980s ,as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas Starbucks isnt selling coffee; Its selling community!-those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere, for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary-even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families.The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas.21. Which of the following does the author state as a factor in the increasing presence of brands in peoples lives?A the aggressive nature of corporate marketingB the lack of government funding for schools and museumsC the lack of government regulations of marketing methodsD the corporate funding of public spaces22. Naomi Kleins attitude towards the infiltration of brands into spaces is one of .A concern B ambivalence (冲突心理) C outrage D acceptance23. The passage suggests that most contract laborers in the U.S. .A pretend to be temporary workersB may have trouble supporting their families financiallyC have work conditions comparable to those of low-wage workers overseas .D are likely to receive health benefits from their employers24. This passage is mainly about .A the problems with current corporate practicesB the nature of current marketing campaigns and strategiesC the importance of brands in American cultureD the excessive presence of brand and marketing in peoples lives.25. The last paragraph tells us that .A inadequate federal funding facilitated the privatization of schools and museumsB public institutions were too quick to accept corporate marketing as a source of fundingC companies manipulated schools through sophisticated ad campaignsD by the 1980s ,very few public institutions were not funding by corporationsPassage twoIn April 1845, when John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln at Forts Theatre, the curtain finally fell on a play that had began almost as soon as the Americans colonies gained their independence from England. In 1776, Americans Declaration of Independence declared that “all men are created equal”; 44 years later we were wrestling with a question: how can a nation founded on the idea of individual freedom reconcile with the existence of human slavery?In 1819, 22 states were in the Union, 11 Free and 11 Slave. The Souths economy was based on the growing of cotton, and cotton was profitable on the backs of slaves. As new states were admitted to the Union, the South wanted as many as possible to be slave states, not only to support their economy, but to prevent the North from obtaining a majority in Congress and quite possibly changing the Constitution to outlaw slavery completely. This issue came to a head when Missouri applied to be admitted