UNIT 1SCIENCE FICTIONSectionLearningAboutLanguage单元语法精析单元语法精析被动语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。汉语中常用“被”“给”“由”“受”等词来表示被动，而英语中由“be及物动词的过去分词”构成。一、各种时态的被动结构一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时和过去完成时的被动结构是考查重点。被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。以do为例：一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/aredoneam/is/arebeingdone has/havebeendone过去was/weredonewas/werebeingdone hadbeendone将来shall/willbedone无shall/willhavebeendone过去将来should/wouldbedone无should/would havebeendone(2023全国甲卷)Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaventbeenseeninacenturyormore,theyreincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.随着灰熊的活动范围扩大到一个多世纪以来从未出现过的地方，人类越来越多地看到了它们。Everyonespaywillbeincreasednextyearby5%.明年每人的工资将增加五个百分点。ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeencriticizedinpublic.那是我第一次在公众场合挨批。Theworkwillhavebeenfinishedbytheendofnextmonth.到下月底前这项工作将会完成。Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.这座房子很古老了。它是1950年建造的。J即学即练单句语法填空Hehurriedhome，neveroncelookingbacktoseeifhe_(follow)Theyaretryingtomakesurethat5Gterminals_(install)by2022fortheBeijingWinterOlympics.Amy,aswellasher brothers,_(give)awarm welcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.wasbeingfollowedwillhavebeeninstalledwasgiven二、被动语态常用于以下两种情况：1不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。RiceisgrowninthesouthofChina.中国南方种植水稻。2强调动作的承受者。Thetreewasbrokenbythatboy.这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。三、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种情况1含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：(1)间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语不变；(2)直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。Hetoldusastory.他给我们讲故事。Weweretoldastorybyhim.我们听(他讲)故事。Astorywastoldtousbyhim.故事由他给我们讲。2动词短语视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。Shewilltakegoodcareofthechildren.她将会好好照顾孩子们。Thechildrenwillbetakengoodcareofbyher.孩子们将由她来好好照顾。3复合宾语通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号to必须补上。Someonesawhimswiminthelakeyesterday.昨天有人看见他在湖里游泳。Hewasseentoswiminthelakeyesterday.昨天他被看见在湖里游泳。4特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：一般用“By疑问词”开头。Whohasbrokenthecup?谁打碎了杯子？Bywhomhasthecupbeenbroken?杯子被谁打碎了？J即学即练完成句子MyEnglishnameisWalterIt_whenIwasattheuniversity.我的英文名是Walter，它是我上大学时我的英语教授取的。wasgivenbymyEnglishprofessor(2023全国甲卷)Carsonprovesthatasimplelyricformthat_throughtheagescanstillbeemployedtodaytodrawattentiontoimportanttruths.卡森证明了一种简单的抒情形式已经流传了几个世纪，今天仍然可以用来引起人们对重要真理的注意。_ by the moving movie.我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。hasbeenpasseddownIwasmadetocry四、被动语态和过去分词作表语1意义差别：被动语态强调动作；过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。Thewindowisbroken.窗子破了。Thewindowisbrokenbyhim.窗子被他打破了。2用法差别：过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征，可以被so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，verymuch，somuch,toomuch修饰。Hewasveryinterestedinscience.他对科学有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)IwassomuchsurprisedatthescenethatIdidntknowwhattodo.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(被动语态)J即学即练单句语法填空Iwaspleased_(hear)youvebeenpromoted.Hewaspleased_histeacherspraise.Iwasquitesurprised_thesignificanceofthefindings.Everyonewassurprised_thespeedwithwhichthedisputewassettled.tohearbywithby五、常见主动表被动的情况1有些动词(cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等)常用主动形式表被动。Thispenwritessmoothly.这支钢笔写起来很流畅。Thiscarsellswell.这车很畅销。2 在 某 些 形 容 词(hard，difficult，easy,heavy，fit,good，comfortable，convenient，impossible,cheap,expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。(2023全国乙卷)Whatsmore,indoorplantsareeasytolookafterandarenotveryexpensive.更重要的是，室内植物很容易照顾，也不是很贵。Theboxisheavytocarry.这箱子重得搬不动。3“半系动词形容词”结构，look，smell,taste,sound,feel，prove，turnout等。Thefoodinthisrestauranttastesgood.这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。Thenewsturnedout(tobe)true.这消息原来是真的。4need,want,require,deserve，beworth后面接动词的-ing形式，主动表被动。Thenovelisworthreading.这本小说值得一读。Theoldhouserequiresrepairing.这所旧房子需要修理。J即学即练单句语法填空Thiskindofknife_(cut)well.Yourwritingisreallydifficult_(read)That_(sound)greatDealmein!Alltheoldcarpetsneed_(replace)cutstoreadsoundsreplacing/tobereplaced六、有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态。如：fit,have，marry,wish,cost,notice,watch,agreewith,arriveat/in,shakehandswith,succeedin,sufferfrom,happento,takepartin,walkinto,belongto等。J即学即练完成句子Apersonwhoistrulyhonest_astraightarrow.直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。You_alotofstrangequestionsbythem.他们将问你许多奇怪的问题。BylastDecemberthreeships_bythem.到去年十二月他们已建造了三艘船。Ihavesomeclothes_.我有一些衣服要洗。iscalledwillbeaskedhadbeenbuilttowashYouridea_wrong.你的想法证实是错的。Thebook_quickly.书销售得快。Willmoregas_?需要更多的煤气吗？Themusicisntpleasant_.这音乐不好听。provedtobesellsbeneededtolistento语法专题练习.单句语法填空1.Theyaregoing_(send)toworkinTibetfortwoyears.2.Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou_(offer)thisjob?Well，Imthinkingaboutthesalary.3.Thoughwedontknowwhatwasbeingdiscussed，yetwecanfeelthetopic_(change)4.Muchprogress_(make)inChinawiththehelpofthepeopleshardwork.tobesentareofferedhasbeenchangedisbeingmade5.Nowadays,more new technologies _(apply)inthefieldofIT.6.(2023新高考全国卷)I_(inform)thatIwonthefirstprizeinthewritingcontest.7.You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan_(discuss)there.arebeingappliedwasinformedisbeingdiscussed8.ThesurfaceofthistablefeelssosmoothIthinkitiswellworth_(buy)9.The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets_(book)10.Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday_(decide)buyinghadbeenbookedhasbeendecided.句型转换1.(2022全国甲卷改编)Inarecentexperiment,theresearcherspresentedcockatooswithanutinside.(改为被动语态)Inarecentexperiment,cockatoos_anutinsideit_theresearchers.2.(2022全国乙卷改编)Workersarealreadyusingdronestoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.(改为被动语态)D