1Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called One On One helps elementary students whove fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teachingthat is, tutoring in math and English. Youd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutorshell be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. Im sure youll enjoy this community service and youll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that youve had experience with children and that you care about your community. If youd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodges office this week.社会服务是我们学校教育的一个非常重要组成部分。我们鼓励学生在他们毕业前至少参加一个志愿活动。有一个叫“一对一”的新社区项目帮助成绩落后的小学生。你的教育学专业要特别对此感兴趣因为它提供给你一些助教的机会指导数学和英语。你每个学期至少一个星期做两个小时的志愿服务。你可以选择帮助一个孩子数学，英语或者两个都帮。半个小时的课程很好，所以你可以每个科目各半个小时，每星期两天。Dodge教授会是助教的顾问他可以在教学计划上或在活动上给予你建议。他每个周二和周四的下午都会在办公室。你可以去他那儿报名这个项目，然后下周开始助教。我相信你在享受这个社会服务同时你会得到有价值的经验。它在你的简历上看起来也不错，展示你对孩子有经验而且关心你的社会。如果你想报名，或者你有任何问题，这周去拜访Dodge教授。2I hope youve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that youre prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, Id like to mention a few things your text doesnt go into. Its interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didnt have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance Policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of todays discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?我希望你们已经阅读了有关保险的指定章节，所以你们对今天的讨论是有准备的。但是，在我们开始前，我想说你们课文里没有的几件事。有趣的是，保险已经以某些形式存在很久了。最开始的保险政策是冒险借贷契约。公元前3000年，它们提供商人海运保护。一般来说，契约通常是口头协议。他们授予商人们贷款，如果装运物品在海里丢失了，贷款就不用还了。贷款利息的不同取决于运输货物的风险。在海盗行为严重的时期，比如，利息总额和政策的价格上升了很多。所以，你可以看到保险是如何帮助促进国际贸易的。即使是最谨慎的商人也开始想去承担长距离运输货物的风险，更不用说当恶劣的天气条件时他们有这种保护。一般来说，保险政策的基本形式从中世纪起就几乎一样。在所有政策里，有四个方面是显著和重要的。这些在第六章中都概括了并且会是今天其余的讨论。有人能告诉我其中的一个方面是什么吗？3Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.NASA的调查中心在IOWA有一个可容5000加仑水的大容器，内部有一个由航空宇