L426 lack, absence和shortage1 lack常和抽象名词如 time, money, fund, experience, ability, courage等连用。He failed in the exam not for lack of ability but (for lack)of experience.他没有考及格，并非能力不济，而是经验不足。absence指缺席，缺少，往往指在特定时间内的情况。The lecturer spoke in the absence of a script/first- hand material.演讲人在没有手稿/第一手资料情况下发表见解。 shortage常表示数量上的不足。The building of the bridge came to a halt for a shortage of 20 tons of cement and 100 tons of fine sand.造桥停了下来，因为缺20吨水泥和100吨细砂。Northerners eat wheat not for a lack/shortage of rice but for their preference.北方人吃小麦不是因为缺大米，而是因为其爱好。427lack, want和be short of1lack强调所缺乏的东西，需要给予补充。Whatever the child lacks in material comfort,its mother will make up in the form of love.孩子在物质享受上的所缺，他妈妈都以爱加以补足。 want是出于个人愿望上的不足、缺乏，要求不一定那么迫切。My study wants some decorations such as paintings and famous sayings printed on strips ofpaper.我的书房缺点装饰，比如说绘画和印在长纸条上的名言。 be short of的宾语往往是具体事物和物质，而lack的宾语往往是抽象名词。This area is short of coal and other kinds of fuel.这个地区缺少煤和其他燃料。(此句用lack 代替 be short of就比较正式，是书面体，不像平时说话了)428 lady, madam和madame1lady意为“女士”，与 gentleman 相对，是对所有妇女的客气称呼，不管其文化程度与社会地位如何。Ladies and gentlemen!女士们，先生们！提示lady可作定语用，如：a lady doctor女医生，相当于awoman doctor, a lady dog母狗。lady还可用所有格形式作定语，如：ladiesroom女盟洗室，ladys maid专管梳妆的贴身侍女。2madam读作medom，而madame读作mada:m为法语词，均从my lady演变而来，是对妇女的尊称。madam可用于已婚或未婚女子，复数为madams，而madame只用于已婚女子，复数为madames或mesdames。3.madam可单独用，后面不加姓氏，与sir（先生)相对；而madame后则要加姓或姓名。This way please, madam.女士，往这儿走。Madame Curie 居里夫人madam可用于职务前。Madam chairman主席女士429landscape, scene, scenery,view和sightlandscape是可数名词，指陆地上视野较为广阔的地区的景色，也指农村的风景，也可指“风景画”。The two hills and the valley formed a beautifullandscape.那两座小山和山谷构成了美丽的风景。It is a landscape in oil.这是一幅风景油画。scene是可数名词，指具体的、局部的展现于眼前的特定风景、景致，景中可能包含着人、动物及活动。scene还可表示现实生活中、小说、戏剧、电影中的“场面，场景”，也指故事的“背景”。The boats in the harbour make a beautiful scene.港口的船只构成了美丽的景色。The sheep grazing on the hillside made a peacefulscene.羊儿在山坡上吃草，构成一派和平的景象。The crowd gathered about the scene of thedisaster.人群围聚在灾难现场。The lake is a beautiful scene.这湖景很美。 scenery是不可数名词，是某一地方全部风景的总称，其中包含了许多个 scene。 scenery也可总称“舞台布景”。The scenery in the country is picturesque.乡村的景色美如画。The woodland scenery about here is strongly impressed on my memory.这里的森林景色深深地印在我的记忆中。The scenery pictures a garden in the moonlight.舞台布景表现了一个月光下的庭园。The scene in the hills is beautiful.误The scenery in the hills is beautiful.正山中的风景很美。 view表示“景色，风景”时，为可数名词，指从某一特定点观看到的东西、景物，自然风景，还可表示“风景画，风景照”。The new building spoils the view from ourwindows.那幢新建筑物遮住了我们窗口所能见到的景色。We have a fine view of the lake from the tower.从这座塔上我们可以看到美丽的湖景。She showed us an album of views.她给我们看一本风景画集。 sight意为“名胜，风景”，常用复数形式，尤指“人造的景物”。Youd better see all the sights in London.你最好把伦敦所有的名胜都看看。What a beautiful sight those roses make!那些玫瑰花构成一幅多美的景象啊！430late, be late for,be late in,later和later on late(1)作形容词用，late表示“迟的，晚的”，可作定语或表语，作表语时，常用于be late for结构。He was late for class.他上课迟到了。He left in late autumn.他在深秋时节离开了。(2)作副词用，late表示“晚，迟”，修饰动词。He came late again.他又来晚了。 be late for表示“迟于规定的时间做某事，赶不上做某事”。She is never late for school.她上学从不迟到。3be late in+动名词表示“做某事迟到了，做迟了”。Owing to a meeting, I was late in arriving.由于开会，我来晚了。He was late in getting up this morning.他今天早上起床晚了。提示如果“be late in+动名词”中的动名词是及物动词，后带有宾语，有时可用belatewith代替，后直接跟宾语。I was late in making supper.=I was late with supper.我晚饭做迟了。 later(1)用作late的比较级，表示“更迟，更晚，以后”。He arrived later than you.他到得比你晚。See you later!再见！Ill go to see you later.我以后会去看你的。(2)表示“过去若干时间之后，将来若干时间之后”，放在表示一段时间的名词后面，如two months later, half an hour later。They met each other three days later.他们3天后相见了。He will come here on Friday and will call on you two days later.他星期五将来这里，两天后去看你。提示later不能表示“从现在起若干时间之后”。He will go there two weeks later.误He will go there in two weeks.他2周后去那里。 later on表示“以后，过后”，为副词短语，指不确定的时间，通常用于将来时。Well talk about it later on.我们以后谈那件事。I shall ring you up later on.我以后会给你打电话的。431 be late for work和be late for the bus be late for work/school/class/supper等结构中的名词前不用冠词，因为这些名词表示的是抽象概念，均作不可数名词用。He is never late for school.他上学从没迟到过。 be late for the bus/film/train等结构中的名词前要用定冠词，均用作可数名词，为实指。Dont be late for the meeting.开会不要迟到了。432 lately,latest,latter和recently1lately表示“最近，近来”，为副词，常同现在完成时连用。Weve had a lot of rain lately.最近雨水多。Have you heard from her lately?你最近收到她的信了吗？He lately moved into a new apartment.他不久前搬进了一套新公寓。She has been friendlier lately.她近来更友好了。His studies havent been improving lately.他的学业近来没有什么进步。2.latest表示“最近的，最新的”，为形容词，只用作定语。This is the latest fashion.这是最新的式样。意为“前者后者”。These birds fly to the south in the latter half of October every year.这些鸟每年十月的后半个月飞往南方。recently也表示“最近”，既可指一段时间，也可指某一时刻，而lately用来指一段时间。Just recently I began to learn French.我最近才开始学习法语。(不用lately)Ive been writing a paper recently/lately.我最近在写一篇论文。I ran into my uncle in the street recently. 最近我在街上遇见了我叔叔。I ran into my uncle in the street lately.误433 lawn和meadow lawn意为“草坪”，指人工修剪整齐的草地。