新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版第1章 导言本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study 语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic 语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4. Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A： micro-linguistics Phonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language. Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning. Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use.B： macro-linguistics Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology. Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学 These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔) Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community. Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use. E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a users underlying knowledge about the system of the rules. Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations. 乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言，对他而言，语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。E: Traditional Grammar vs modern linguistics 传统语法与现代语言学 Saussure的Course in General Linguistics标志着现代语言学的开端。 区别：a: 语言学是descriptive, 传统的语法是prescriptive.b: 现代语言学认为口头语是基本的，而不是书面语。c: 现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。4. The definition of language 语言的定义 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.5.The design features of language 语言的识别特征 The design features of human language can be called design features which distinguish it from animal language system. A：Arbitrariness 任意性 There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. B： Productivity能产性 It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. C： Duality二重性 Two levels: At the lower or the basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. At higher level, the sounds of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.D： Displacement 移位性 Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imainged matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.E： Cultural transmission 文化传递 Language is culturally transmitted. F： Interchangeability 互换性 Refers to man can both produce or receive the massages.6. Functions of language 语言的功能 A： main functions (1) Descriptive function(描述): refers to convey factual information, which can be stated or denied, and even verified. (2) Expressive function(表达): refers to emotive or attitudinal function, convey information about users feelings, preferences, prejudice, and values. (3) Social function(社会): refers to interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. Jakobson 将语言功能划分六大类：emotive, conative(意动), referential(指向), poetic(娱乐), phatic communication(寒暄), and matalinguistic(元语言). B：macrofunctions