定语从句讲解及练习. 概念： (1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。 (2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系词的作用： 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词； 2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文语, 置于否定词之后=that/whonot, 没有不, 在从句中作主语，宾语) 常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where The student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry. The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词； 第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）； 第三选择合适的关系词。. 几个关系代词的基本用法：that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如： 1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语)2.You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语）3. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如： 1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语） 2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语） 3. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）who, whom, whose: who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人 whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。 I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）Hes a man from whom we should learn. = Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from. 关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for. Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with? 博雅教育www.boyaa.orgas 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语) 如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等结构中。如： I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.)Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句） 如为非限制性的. 关系副词引导的定语从句:When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc. He came last night when I was out. We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better. 注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语） Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 博雅教育www.boyaa.org 比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语） This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting. Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如： The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill. I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语） Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语） Ex.) He was late .Thats because he got up late. .He got up late. Thats why he was late.(表语从句) .He got up late. (the reason) why/for which he was late. (定语从句) 当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,或how引导，that常可以省略。 way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语 时，则用which或that 引导。如: This is the way (that) /in which I do such things. 比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you.、非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 He was late again, which made his teacher very angrwhich引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。EG、 He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. （先行词是一个句子）2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. as引导非限制性的定语从句，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.） As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语) =As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语） =Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health . =Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语） =Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：这位老人只有一个儿子 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句： The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：这位老人