第一部分 基础知识第一章 语 法第一节 时 态一一般现在时一般 + s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后 + es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses); 在以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries) 1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与every day, once a week, often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用： -We go there twice a month. -Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires) 2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等： -He has great concern for others. -Matter exists in three states. 3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理： -Light travels faster than sound. -Japan lies to the east of China. 4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作： -The plane takes off at five. 5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until; if, unless): -If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match. -A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain will come. (will come - comes)二现在进行时 study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying 通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下： see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope, wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem. 1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作： -The students are running to the sports-field. 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行： -He is writing a novel this year. 3. 可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词，后面也 常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等，表 示安排或计划好的事情： -Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow. 4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩： -The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows. -He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.三现在完成时 1.表示动作现在刚完成： -His son has finished his homework. 2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响： -Its so cold in here. Who has broken the window? 3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since 或for 短语连用） -Li has studied English for twenty years. -Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.b 注 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not.yet或now, today, this week等；不用过去的时间状语。 2.-His grandmother _ for thirty years. a. died b. had died c. has been dead d. has died -He has been in the army for two years. (不能说He has joined the army for .) -I _ a college student for more than a year. a. became b. have become c. was d. have been -It is three years since he sent to the U.S. (不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.)四一般过去时 时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now等，以及由when等引导的句子。 1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态： -Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but educaion in American colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded) 2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作： -From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris _ out an average of a novel a year. a. has brought b. were bringing c. had brought d. brought 3. used to: -We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside.五过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。 -Bill said that he _ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening. a. did b. was doing c. is going to do d. has done六过去完成时 1结束性动作-即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。 常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去 的时间。 -By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words.Preposition (G)1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning yesterday afternoon in the afternoon tomorrow afternoon yesterday evening in the evening tomorrow evening this morning this afternoon at dawn this evening at noon at night Before day we use on: on Sunday (Monday.) on Sunday morning on Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1 on May Day on the morning of May Day on National Day on the evening of National Day on Christmas on Christmas eve on a cold winter morning, on a hot June afternoon, etc. In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the station in London, Tokyo, etc. but at the bus stop2. over on above 超过（或低于）某高度、标准。 under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔) 直上，直下 （接触表面的）上下 below O degree3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman. 2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office. 3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning. besides Besides English, he has to