宏经名词解释1. Macroeconomics：The study of the economy as a whole. 宏观经济学：把经济视为一个整体而进行的研究.2. Gross domestic product ：The total ine earned domestically, including the ine earned by foreign-owned factors of production; the total expenditure on domestically produced goods and services.国内生产总值：国内所获得的总收入,包括在国外使用的生产要素带来的收入；对一国产品与服务产出的总支出.3. Value added：The value of a firms output minus the value of the intermediate goods the firm purchased.增加值：企业产出的价值减去企业购买的中间产品的价值.4. Real GDP ：The value of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices.实际GDP：用一组不变价格衡量的产品与服务的价值.5. GDP deflator：The ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP; a measure of the overall level of prices that shows the cost of the currently produced basket of goods relative to the cost of that basket in a base year.GDP平减指数：名义GDP与实际GDP比率；衡量总体价格水平的指标,表现现期生产的一篮子物品的成本相对于基年生产的同一篮子物品的成本的值.6. Consumer price index ：A measure of the overall level of prices that shows the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goods relative to the cost of the same basket in a base year.消费者价格指数：价格总体水平的一种衡量指标,它表示固定的一篮子消费者商品的成本相对于同样一篮子消费者商品在基年的成本的值.7. Unemployment rate ：The percentage of those in the labor force who do not have jobs.失业率：劳动力中没有工作的人所占的百分比.8. Labor-force participation rate ：The percentage of the adult population in the labor force.劳动力参与率：成年人口中劳动力的百分比.9. Disposable ine：Ine remaining after the payment of taxes. 可支配收入：税后收入.10. Marginal propensity to consume ：The increase in consumption resulting from a one-dollar increase in disposable ine.边际消费倾向：可支配收入增加1美元时所引起的消费增加.11. Real interest rate：The return to saving and the cost of borrowing after adjustment for inflation. 实际利率：根据通货膨胀调整之后的储蓄收益和借贷成本.12. Inflation：An increase in the overall level of prices. 通货膨胀：价格总体水平的上升.13. Hyperinflation：Extremely high inflation.恶性通货膨胀：极高的通货膨胀.14. Money: The stock of assets used for transactions.货币：用于交易的资产存量.15. Fiat money: Money that is not intrinsically useful and is valued only because it is used as money.法定货币：本质上无用而是由于用作货币才有价值的货币.16. modity money: Money that is intrinsically useful and would be valued even if it did not serve as money. 商品货币：本质上有用的货币,即使不作为货币也会受珍视的物品.17. Money supply: The quantity of money available in an economy.货币供给：一个经济中可以得到的货币量.18. Quantity equation: The identity stating that the product of the money supply and the velocity of money equals nominal expenditure ; coupled with the assumption of stable velocity, an explanation of nominal expenditure called the quantity theory of money. 数量方程：表示货币供给与货币流通速度的乘积等于名义支出的恒等式MV=PY；加上稳定的货币流通速度的假设,这一方程对名义支出的解释称为货币数量论.19. Ine velocity of money: The number of times a dollar bill enters someones ine in a given period of time.货币的收入流通速度：在一个给定时期一张美元钞票进入某个人收入的次数.20. Real money balances: The quantity of money expressed in terms of the quantity of goods and services it can buy; the quantity of money divided by the price level .实际货币余额：用能购买的产品与服务的数量来表示的货币量；货币量除以价格水平M/P.21. Seigniorage: The revenue raised by the government through the creation of money; also called the inflation tax.货币铸造税：政府通过创造货币而筹集到的收入；又称通货膨胀税.22. Fisher effect: The one-for-one influence of expected inflation on the nominal interest rate. 费雪效应：预期通货膨胀对名义利率一对一的影响.23. Fisher equation: The equation stating that the nominal interest rate is the sum of the real interest rate and expected inflation .费雪方程：这一方程规定,名义利率是实际利率与预期通货膨胀率之和.24. Shoeleather cost: The cost of inflation from reducing real money balances, such as the inconvenience of needing to make more frequent trips to the bank.鞋底成本：减少实际货币余额引起的通货膨胀成本,例如,需要更频繁地光顾银行带来的不方便.25. Menu cost: The cost of changing a price.菜单成本：价格调整的成本.26. Classical dichotomy: The theoretical separation of real and nominal variables in the classical model, which implies that nominal variables do not influence real variables. 古典二分法：古典模型中名义变量与实际变量在理论上的分离,它意味着名义变量不影响实际变量.27. Monetary neutrality: The property that a change in the money supply does not influence real variables.货币中性：货币供给变动不影响实际变量的性质.28. Natural rate of unemployment: The steady-state rate of unemployment; the rate of unemployment toward which the economy gravitates in the long run.自然失业率：稳定状态的失业率；经济在长期中趋近的失业率.29. Frictional unemployment: The unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their skills and tastes.摩擦性失业：因工人寻找最适于自己技能和偏好的工作需要时间而引起的失业.30. Wage rigidity: The failure of wages to adjust to equilibrate labor supply and labor demand.工资刚性：工资不能调整到使劳动供给与劳动需求达到均衡.31. Structural unemployment: The unemployment resulting from wage rigidity and job rationing.结构性失业;工资刚性和工作岗位配给所造成的失业.32. Efficiency wages: Wage that a firm will pay to an employee as an incentive not to shirk.效率工资：公司付给员工较高的工资,以激励其不偷懒.33. Steady state: A condition in which key variables are not changing.稳定状态：关键变量不变的状态.34. Golden Rule level of capital: The steady-state value of c