葡萄栽培技术 Grape CultivationGrape Cultivation The classification of grape in botany belongs to Vitaceae of Vitis. It is one of the fruit trees that has the longest cultivation history and widely distributed. The production of grape takes one third of the production of fruits worldwide. Grape can be eaten directly as fresh fruit, also can be used to produce wine, since it is nourishing, with quick production and high adaptability, it has been widely planted in China. 1、Seedling There are two kinds of grape seedling for transplanting: self rooted and grafted. The regeneration capacity of grape vine is strong; the wound between each knot can easily generate roots. Usually self rooted seedlings were widely used, such as pruning or cover the stem with soil for rooting. Grafted seedlings could strengthen the resistance to improve the variety.2、Planting Grape has strong adaptability on different soil, but it likes sand more, so it is important to prepare the planting trench and place manure before planting. The planting trench is normally 100 centimeters wide, 80 centimeters deep. Placing 4000kg manure to every 667 square meters. The planting space is different according to the staking way, commonly 200-250 plants for 667 square meters.The best time to transplant the seedlings is autumn which is the last 10 days of November, and spring which is the first ten days of February before the seedling germination proved effective.3、Staking styleThere are kinds of staking styles, usually used are:3.1Fence-like The advantages are easy to manage, suitable for close space planting, early and high yielding, and convenient to update.3.2Shed-like The advantages are high photosynthetic efficiency and good for standard management.4、Management of soil, manure and water4.1Soil management4.1.1Deep rotovateThe aim of deep rotovate is to improve soil permeability, to accelerate organic humification and decomposition speed, to promote growth of roots. Deep rotovate includes autumn rotovate and winter rotovate. Autumn rotovate should be after harvest from August to October, to take advantage of second growth peak of root. Winter rotovate should begin from November to December. Combine rotovate with placing manure, and control the depth at 20-40 centimeters.4.1.2Rotovate Rotovate could stop weeds, keep moisture and nutrients in soil, improve permeability, to promote activity of roots and micro-organism. Rotovate should be applied during growing season, which is May to September, the depth should be less than 10 centimeters, the soil that easy get clay should apply rotovate.4.1.3Weed Weeds always take away moisture and nutrients from soil. Meantime there are heavy pests if there is too much weed, such as leaf hopper, cockchafer, cutwarm etc. Combine rotovate with weed, and apply them at growing stage.4.2Water management To produce grape, water management is extremely important, which would affect quality and productivity.4.2.1Drainage Grape likes dry land, if with too much moisture in the soil, vine would grow in vain, which would cause bad quality, if serious the moisture would stop roots system from breath, or the plant would die if it was hold in water for too long time. Grape garden with high water lever underground, grape roots would be affected from growing deep, then the roots become weak and cause thin vine, small fruit, less production and bad quality, so drainage is the key issue need to be concern before build gardern.4.2.2Irrigation As the water requirement of different growing stage is different, convenient irrigation technique is suggested to solve watering problems.4.3Compost In a grape garden, since large amount of nutrient in soil was consumed by leaves, vines and fruits every year, composting is important for nutrient supply, for the growth of grape.4.3.1 Time to compostAccording to the period, there should be 3 stages of composting, base dressing, top dressing and supply dressing. Base dressing should be slow acting organic fertilizer and the amount should be 60% of quantity of the whole year, compost at any time from September to next year January. Top dressing should be composted at growth stage mainly active fertilizer, it includes early spring dressing from mid March to early April when the bud is getting bigger; fruit growing dressing in June; and color up dressing in early mid July. Supply dressing should be composted after yielding, to give nutrients for tree vigor to recover and increase storage of nutrients.4.3.2 Method of compost Methods mainly are root compost and external compost.4.3.2.1Root compostIncluding drip line placement, furrow placement and spreading to whole garden. Drip line placement is normally for youth garden, dig 15-25 centimeters outside around the crown, with 30 centimeter width as circles around, place fertilizers and cover with soil. Furrow placement is for grown garden. The furrow should be paralleled with plant