Lesson 51 Predicting the future预测未来听录音，然后答复以下问题。What was the ”future” electronic development that Leon Bagrit wasn”t able to foresee? Predicting the future is notoriously difficult. Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century, computers would be as common in people”s homes as TV sets? In the 1970s, computers were common enough, but only in big business, government departments, and large organizations. These were the so-called mainframe machines. Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms, employing full-time technicians and run on specially-written software. Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs. In 1975, a primitive machine called the Altair, was launched in the USA. It can properly be described as the first ”home computer” and it pointed the way to the future. This was followed, at the end of the 1970s, by a machine called an Apple. In the early 1980s, the computer giant, IBM produced the world”s first Personal Computer. This ran on an ”operating system” called DOS, produced by a then small company named Microsoft. The IBM Personal Computer was widely copied. From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today. Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today. Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to ”think” for themselves and would ”rule the world”, which people liked to believe in those days. Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic jams and suggesting alternative routes, when they would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when they would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work. All these computer uses have become commonplace. Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world by using computers linked to telephone networks. Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the Internet to obtain information on every known subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to. Computers have become smaller and smaller, more and more powerful and cheaper and cheaper. This is what makes Leon Bagrit”s predictions particularly remarkable. If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next fifty years. New words and expressions 生词和短语 notoriously adv. （尤指因坏事）众所周知地 full-time adj. 专职的 technician n. 技师 software n. 软件 IBM （美国）国际商用机器公司（International Business Machines） DOS 磁盘操作系统（Disk Operating System） Microsoft n. （美国）微软公司 user-friendly adj. 简单操作的，好用的 mainframe n. 主机，中心处理机 multimedia adj. 多媒体的 alternative adj. 选择的 diagnose v. 诊断 relieve v. 减轻 accountant n. 会计 repetitive adj. 重复的 clerical adj. 办公室工作的 Internet n. 国际交互网 network n. 网络参考译文 众所周知，猜测将来是特别困难的。举个例子吧，在20世纪70年月中叶又有谁能想得到在20世纪末的时候，家庭用的计算时机像电视机一样普遍？在70年月，计算机已经相当普及了，但只用在大公司，政府部门和大的组织之中，它们被称为主机。计算机主机的确很大，经常占据了装有空调的多间房间，雇用专职的技师，而且得用特地编写的软件才能运行。虽然这种大计算机仍旧存在，但它们的很多功能已被体积小但功能齐全的个人电脑即我们常说的PC机所代替了。 1975年，美国推出了一台被称为“牛郎星”的原始机型。严格地说起来，它可以被称为第一台“家用电脑”，而且它也指了今后的方向。70年月末，在牛郎星之后又消失了一种被称为“苹果”的机型。80年月初，计算机行业的王牌公司美国国际商用机器公司（IBM）生产出了世界上第一台个人电脑。这种电脑采纳了一种被称为磁盘操作系统（DOS）的工作程序，而这种程序是由当时规模不大的微软公司生产的。IBM的个人电脑被大规模地仿照。从那些简陋的初级阶段，我们看到了现在都已普及的、使用简便的家用电脑和多媒体的微机的进展。 想一想这些进展的时间多么短，就更觉得英国人莱昂.巴格瑞特有着非凡的力量。他在60年月就能预言我们今日知道的计算机的一些用途。巴格瑞特根本不承受计算机可以学会自己去“思索”和计算可以“统治世界”这种想法，而这种想法是当时的人们都情愿信任的。巴格瑞特预示有一天计算机可以小到拿在手上，计算机可以使办公室人员和会计免除那些枯燥、重复的劳动。计算机的全部这些功能现在都变得很寻常。固然了，莱昂.巴格瑞特根本没有可能猜测到国际交互网就是把计算机连结到电话线路上，以便和世界上任何一个地方的人马上进展联系的一个世界范围的通讯系统的进展。他也无法猜测到我们可以利用国际交互网猎取有关任何已知专题的信息，以便在家里的屏幕上阅读，假如情愿的话甚至可以将其打印出来。计算机已经变得体积越来越小，功能越来越多，价格越来越低，这就是莱昂.巴格瑞特的猜测非凡的地方。假如他或是像他的什么人今日还活着的话，他也许可以告知我们