高考语法与词汇题的命题特点及应试策略一、语法和词汇知识概述 语法和词汇知识题主要考查学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度及运用能力。近几年来，语法和词汇知识题的命题越来越灵活，要求考生在特定的语境中理解和运用语言，突出语言的交际性和实用性。二、高考语法和词汇知识题命题特点及趋势预测 高考语法和词汇知识题有以下几个明显的特点： 1)强调动词，突出重点。与动词有关的题在15题中一般占5-8题。考点涉及到动词的时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词等。 2）语境仿真，讲究活用。高考语法和词汇知识题有很高的效度和区分度主要原因是高考题的语境真实，能有效地测试考生掌握词汇内涵和分析语境的能力。 3)考点全面，分布合理。高考题有较强的综合性和较宽的覆盖面，通常一题兼顾多项知识点的考查。常考考点有被动语态、简单句、名词性从句、省略句和倒装句等。选考考点有名词、主谓一致、数词、虚拟语气等。 4)设题灵活，干扰加大。高考语法和词汇知识题中有相当数量的是根据学生的思维定势而设计的“陷阱题”，命题人主要通过增加句子的复杂程度、改变句子的正常结构、利用相似易混的句式结构等来设计干扰信息，误导学生的思维。解题总的原则是化繁为简，去枝留干，恢复原状，细心审题，分辨差异。“陷阱题”的主要设题方式有： A增加冗余信息 设题者通过增加限定语、同位语、插人语、定语从句等成份，增加句子的复杂程度，造成学生的视觉差异，从而导致思维错位。解答这类题时，我们只要去掉冗余信息（插人语、同位语等），答案就一目了然了。如： 例题1 I can hardly imagine so pretty a girl like you _ boxing. A. like B. to like C. liking D. to have liked 【解读】此题实则考查动名词的复合结构，答案为C。可简化为：I can hardly imagine a girl liking boxing. 例题2 The girl devoted all her spare time she had _ others. A. to help B. helped C. to helping D. help 【解读】易误选A。本句的主干结构为devote one s life/ time/ energy to doing sth.，其中she had为定语从句修饰time，故选A作目的状语是错误的。答案为C。 例题3 The manager decided to give the job to _ he believed had a strong sense of duty. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. those 【解读】去掉冗余信息（插人语he believed)，我们可以看出后面是一个宾语从句，且宾语从句缺少主语，故答案为A. 例题4 In _ old society many young women died by so strange and cruel _ custom. A.；a B.；the C. the; a D. an; a 【解读】society既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词，如具体指某社会则前面加定冠词。custom为可数名词，前面有两个形容词strange, cruel修饰，增加了难度和迷惑性。此处结构为soadj.a(an)n.，所以正确答案是C。 B变换句式结构 设题者通过改变句子的正常结构，如利用省略句、强调句、疑问句、被动句、倒装句等特殊结构，造成某种搭配的假象，达到干扰目的。解此类题，我们只要恢复它的原状即可。如： 例题5 -Excuse me, could you tell me where the post office is?“ -OK. Between the two white buildings _ the post office. A. are lying B. he C. lies D. lay 【解读】学生很容易把buildings当作句子的主语。实际上这是一个倒装句式。恢复原状：The post office _ between the two white buildings我们可以看出句子的主语是post office，故答案为C。 例题6 The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand，_ all practical value by the time they were finished. A. had lost B. would have lost C. would lose D. should have lost 【解读】本题中had they been done by hand实际上是一个省略句式，相当于if they had been done场hand，用来表示一个虚拟的条件，而且这个条件状语的位置也比较特殊，位于主句的主语和谓语之间。故答案为B. 例题 7 Every minute is made full use of _ at our lessons. A. to work B. working C. having worked D. being worked 【解读】有些同学一见到介词，后面马上用名词或动名词，这恰恰落人了命题人的陷井。此题of的宾语实际上是every minute，如果把它变为主动式，答案就显而易见了：We make full use of every minute to work at our lessons故答案为A。 例题8 Who would you rather _ with you tomorrow, Tom or Smith? A. have to go B. have go C. have gone D. had go 【解读】答案为B。可以把它变为陈述句：I would rather have Tom go with me tomorrow. go是省去了to的不定式作宾语补足语。 例题9 The Smiths have three sons, one a baby，_ twins of thirteen. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【解读】该题使用了省略句式，有相当大的迷惑性。one a babyone son is a baby, the others twins of thirteenthe other sons are twins of thirteen，所以答案为D。 例题10 _ he will leave for Beijing. A. It will not be long before B. It is before long that C. It is before long D. It was before long that 【解读】易受思维定势的影响而错选A。如果before引导一个状语从句的话，状语从句的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来。本题实际上是一个强调句型，强调简单句中的时间状语before long，恢复原句就是：He will leave for Beijing before long故答案为B. 例题11 Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, swimming or fishing? A. spending B. being spent C. spend D. to spend 【解读】此题考查不定式作目的状语的用法。容易受enjoy后面接动名词作宾语的影响而误选A。enjoy的宾语是which, to spend是目的状语。答案为D。 C. 巧用相似句式 有些句式结构相似而实不同，出题者往往利用这一点来设计 “陷阱”，导致解题错误。做这类题关键在于克服粗心大意、不认真审题的缺点，注重语境，弄懂句意，强化对易混句的辨析，有意识地消除思维定势。 例题12 -I like football. - _ my sister and me. A. So do B. So are C. So did D. So it is with 【解读】如不仔细观察，学生很可能选择A。应该注意这里的me, so does sb句式是一个倒装句，即sb是句子的主语，要求用主格。故选D. 例题13 This is such a wonderful film _ we have never seen. A. that B. as C. which D. what 【解读】易错选A。在such. as引导的定语从句中，as常作定语从句的主语或宾语；而在such. that引导的状语从句中，that不充当句子成分此题seen后面缺少一个宾语，故后面是一个定语从句。故答案为B. 例题14 Tom, _ sure to come tomorrow. A. is B. be C. was D. would be 【解读】答案为B。很明显，Tom在这里并不是句子的主语，而是称呼语。 例题15 -I like coffee with nothing in it. What about you? -I prefer coffee _ sugar. A. to B. for C. with D. than 【解读】此题为破思维定势题，有相当的难度。根据语境 “我喜欢喝加糖的咖啡”，可知选C. 例题16 What have we said _ her so unhappy? A. makes B. to make C. made D. had made 【解读】此题容易误选C,横线前是What have we said，而不是What we have said（注意其中的词序）；句末是问号，而