定语从句一、定语从句概述1 定语从句的定义复合句中， 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句， 又叫形容词性从句； 被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词；从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后由 关系副词或关系代词引导。如：Those who are willing to attend the party, please sign here.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.2 定语从句的引导词引导定语从句的关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词 : that, which, who ， whom, whose, as；关系副词 : where, when, why.3定语从句的分类定语从句分为 限制性定语从句 和 非限制性定语从句 。试比较： His brother who lives in New York is an actor. （ 限制性定语从句 ） 他住在纽约的那个兄弟是个演员。 （可能还有其他兄弟） His brother, who lives in New York, is an actor. （ 非限制性定语从句 ） 他兄弟是个演员，他住在纽约。 （只有这一个兄弟） 不难看出，限制性定语从句和主句关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定 语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。翻译成汉语时，译到先行 词的前面，意为“ ”的”，如例。而非限制性定语从句和主句关系不是十 分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。 翻译成汉语时，译成一个独立的句子，放在主句译文之后，如例。这种从 句往往用逗号分开，不用 that 引导。如：China , which has a long history and bright brilliant culture,is a beautifulcountry. 中国是一个美丽的国家 ，它有着悠久的历史、灿烂的文化 。二、定语从句引导词的用法及分类1、关系词的作用连接作用：引导定语从句，把从句和主句连接起来； 替代作用：在从句中替代先行词表示的意思； 成分作用：在从句中充当一定的句子成分。2、关系代词的用法分类（表一）从句、关系代词、用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句只用于限制 性定语从句在从句中 的句法功能指人指物既指人又指 物主格词whowhichthat主语宾格词who(m)whichthat宾语/表语（which不作表语）属格词whose/ of whomwhose/ of whichwhose/ of which定语【提示】关系代词在从句中做宾语，且前面无介词时，可以省略。如： I still remember the story that/which my grandpa often told me.t I still remember the story my grandpa often told me. The house which/that she used to live in was very beautiful.t The house she used to live in was very beautiful.t The house in which she used to live was very beautiful. 但不可说成：The house in she used to live was very beautiful.关系代词as的用法参见“五、关系代词as和which的异同”。 3关系副词的用法分类(表二)先行词的类别关系副词介词+关系代词在从句中的成分时间whe n=in / at / on / duri ng which状语地点where=in / at / which原因why=for which【提示】 where的先行词除表示明显的“地点”的名词外，还有一些表示人/物的境况、 某事发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面。常见的名词有stage, situation, point,case, position 等。如： This is the town where I was born. There is one point where I d like your advice.有一点我想争求你的意见。 We have reached a situation where a cha nge is n eeded.我们到了必须改一改的地步。 We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of mon ey.在我们的处境下，我们可能损失大量金钱。关系副词相当于介词加关系代词（如上表所示），但有时为了表示清楚，可 以在关系副词 where和when的前面加上介词， 常见的有from where, to where, since whe n, by whe n.女口： This is the school where I used to study.=This is the school in which I used to study. China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thaila nd and In dia. They left on Mon day, since when we have heard nothing.三、定语从句引导词的选择方法1. 定语从句引导词的选择，可根据以下歌诀，化难为易。一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看是否属特殊。 “一看指人还是物”，指的是选关系代词时，要看先行词是表示人的还是表示物的名词或代词。指人用who, whom, that, whose;指物时用which,that，whose.如： In the beginning, people who/that bought them became angry. That the girl whom/who/that the soldier saved from the river. They needed a plant which/that didn t need as much water as rice. This is the scientist whoseachievements are well known. This is the house whosewindow broke last night.【难点】whose既可指“人的”（例）又可指“物的”（例）。指“物 的”时，不可误用 which，但可用“the +n.+of which 如例也可说成：This is the house, the window of which broke last ni ght. 或 This is the house, of which the window broke last night. “二看介词在何处”，指的是关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，要看介词是否提前置于从句之首，若如此，就只能用whom （指人）或which （指物），且不能省略。如： The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.The house （that/ which） she used to live in was very beautiful. I know the man to whom you spoke just now.I know the man （who/whom/that） you spoke to just now. “三看句中作何用”，指的是选用关系词时，要看它在从句中什么成份，作主语、宾语或表语，就用关系代词who, which, that或as；作定语就用whose作状语，就用关系副词when, where或 why.如： This is Tom, whose handwriting is the best in our class.【讲析】从句中，只是主语缺少定语，所以用whose引导，不能省略。 I have bee n to the place （ which/that） you visited last year.【讲析】从句中visit是及物动词，which或that做它的宾语，可以省略。 I have bee n to the place where you worked last year.【讲析】从句中 work是不及物动词，where做它的状语，不可以省略，但可以用in which替代。 The story happe ned on a day when the weather was wet and cold.【讲析】从句中系表结构完整，说明时间在从句中只能作状语，因此，用when引导，不可省略。 The story happened on a day which/that was wet and cold.【讲析】从句系表结构中缺少主语，所以用关系代词which/that引导，不可省略。 The reason why he dropped out was that his family was short of money.【讲析】从句中dropped out是不及物的动词短语，因此用关系副词why作状语，不可省略。 The reason (that/which) you explained to me makes no sense.【讲析】从句中explain是及物动词，the reason在从名中作它的宾语，所 以用关系代词that或which引导，亦可省略。【提示】 要把握好句子结构，正确分析句子成份，不要一见到时间的名词就用 when，见到地点名词就用 where，见到reason就用why.2 定语从句引导词的选择，还可采取“还原、重组、补缺”的三步法。 “还原”就是把先行词放回到定语从句中。重组”就是当先行词被放回到从句后，按照陈述语序重新排列从句。若能形成一个完整句子，不需要再补加成分，说明该从句用关系代词来引导； 若不能形成一个完整的句子，说明该从句需用介词+关系代词来引导。 “补缺”，若判断需要用介词 +关系代词来引导从句，分两种情况：一是依据表二中所示，找到合适的关系副词；二是找不到合适的关系副词，那么就 需要考虑用介词+关系代词来引导，这个补加介词的过程就是“补缺”。【难点】 选择介词时，撇开主句不看，先将先行词还原到从句中，然后按照陈述语序 重新排列 从句，并在已还原到位的先行词前留出空格，再根据各介词本身的用法及习惯搭配选定合适的介词，最后用该介词+which/whom。介词和先行词是一种习惯搭配，如：The trainshe is traveli ng is arrivi ng.第一步，得到 第二步，得到 第三步，得到 第四步，得到t