道教文化与汉英翻译Taoist Culture and C-E Translation道教文化背景知识 Taoist Culture道家 Philosophical Taoism道敎 Religious Taoism起源：OriginTaoist organizations 张道陵 Zhang Daoling 五斗米道 西晋Taoist doctrines老子李耳 Laozi 唐高祖李渊 Tang Dynasty老子 Laozi老子 Laozi, honorific title老 “venerable”, “old”子 “master”, honorific suffix李耳 Li Er, 字伯阳 Boyang (courtesy name)道家学派始祖 founder of philosophical Taoism道德经Tao Te Ching宇宙哲学 Chinese cosmogony 信仰： Beliefs無為Tao “way”, “path”Wu wei “without action”无为而治，不言之教Hayek： spontaneous orderJames Dorn: minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony.三宝慈 compassion俭 moderation (Thrift) 不敢为天下先 humility朴simplicity, the primordial state of tao去甚，去奢，去Discarding extremes, extravagance and excess少私寡欲 wipe out selfish desires清静恬淡 live a quiet life/ quiet world知足常乐 the attitude of contentment on what one owns 道教经典英译道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。The Tao gives birth to One. One gives birth to Two. Two give birth to Three. Three give birth to all things.五色令人目盲，五音令人耳聋，五味令人口爽，驰骋田猎令人心发狂。Iridescent colors cause blindness. Beautiful music causes deafness; delicious food causes loss of taste. Racing and hunting cause madness.知足之足，常足矣.The with knowing contentment is always contented.知足不辱，知止不殆.whoever is contented will meet no disgrace, whoever knows when and where to stop will meet no danger.见素抱朴，少私寡欲manifest plainness, embrace simplicity, reduce selfishness, and hold few desires出家之人，恶衣恶食，不积财，恐害身损福也。Taoists make light clothing and food and they accumulate no wealth, because these might damage health and fortunes.全真七子之一Qiu Chuji-道人不厌贫，贫乃养生之本。饥则餐一钵粥，睡来铺一束草，褴褴褛褛以度朝夕，正是道 人活计 。As Ma Yu, a famous Taoist of the School, put it, “Taoists are not tired of deficiency, as deficiency is the root to preserve ones health. When feeling hungry, they eat a bowl of porridge. When tired, they sleep on a sheet of grass. They pass the days and nights in shabby clothes. This is exactly what Taoists must do in life.”全真七子”之一马钰Mu yu文学作品中的道教文化英译西游记The Journey to the West日迸裂，产一石卵，目运两道金光，射冲斗府。惊动高天上圣大慈仁者玉皇大天尊玄穹高上帝，驾座金阙云宫灵霄宝殿，聚集仙卿，见有金光焰焰，即命千里眼、顺风耳开南天 门观看。 （第一回灵根育孕源流出 心性修持大道生） As his eyes moved, two beams of golden light shot towards the Pole Star palace and startled the Supreme Heavenly Sage, the Greatly Compassionate Jade Emperor of the Azure Vault of Heaven, who was sitting surrounded by his immortal ministers on his throne in the Hall of Miraculous Mist in the Golden-gated Cloud Palace.祖师道：“道字门中有三百六十傍门，傍门皆有正果。不知你学那一门哩？”悟空道：“凭 尊师意思。弟子倾心听从。 ”祖师道：“我教你个术字门中之道，如何？”悟空道：“术门之 道怎么说？”祖师道：“术字门中，乃是些请仙扶鸾，问卜揲蓍，能知趋吉避凶之理。 ”There are three hundred and sixty side-entrances to the Way, and they all lead to a True Result, the Patriarch said. Which branch would you like to study?祖师又道：“教你流字门中之道，如何？”悟空又问：“流字门中，是甚义理？”祖师道：“流 字门中，乃是儒家、释家、道家、阴阳家、墨家、医家，或看经，或念佛，并朝真降圣之 类。 ” 祖师道：“若要长生，也似壁里安柱Shall I teach you the Way of Sects? the Patriarch asked.What are the principles of the Sects? said Monkey.Within the branch of Sects, there is Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, the study of the Negative and Positive, Mohism, medicine, reading scriptures and chanting the name of a Buddha. You can also summon Immortals and Sages with this branch.“ the Patriarch replied, is like putting a pillar in the wall.祖师道：“教你静字门中之道，如何？ ”悟空道：“静字门中，是甚正果？ ”祖师道：“此是 休粮守谷，清静无为，参禅打坐，戒语持斋，或睡功，或立功，并入定坐关之类。” 祖 师道：“也似窑头土坯Shall I teach you the Way of Silence? the Patriarch then asked.What True Result can be got from Silence? said Monkey.It involves abstaining from grain, preserving ones essence, silence, inaction, meditation, abstaining from speech, eating vegetarian food, performing certain exercises when asleep or standing up, going into trances, and being walled up in total isolation.“Its like building the top of a kiln with sun-dried bricks, the patriarch replied.祖师道：“教你动字门中之道，如何？ ”悟空道：“动门之道，却又怎样？ ”祖师道：“此是有为有作，采阴补阳，攀弓踏弩，摩脐过气，用方炮制，烧茅打鼎，进红铅，炼秋石，并服 妇乳之类。”祖师道：“此欲长生，亦如水中捞月Shall I teach you the Way of Action then? the Patriarch asked.Whats that like? Monkey asked.It involves acting and doing, extracting the Negative and building up the Positive, drawing the bow and loading the crossbow, rubbing the navel to make the subtle humors flow, refining elixirs according to formulae, lighting fires under cauldrons, consuming Red lead, purifying Autumn Stone, and drinking womens milk.“ To try and attain immortality that way is like lifting the moon out of water.行者道：“这上面坐的是甚么菩萨？”八戒笑道：“三清也认不得，却认做甚么菩萨！”行者 道：“那三清？八戒道：“中间的是元始天尊，左边的是灵宝道君，右边的是太上老。君（第 四十四回法身元运逢车力 心正妖邪度脊关 ）Do you know who the three Bodhisattvas sitting up there are? Monkey asked. Cant you recognize the Three Pure Ones themselves? asked Pig. How could you possibly think they are Bodhisattvas? What about those Three Pure Ones? Monkey asked. Oh well,