细节题-100因果关系12-2-11 Paragraph 5: These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.11. In paragraph 5, commercial radio programming is best described as the result ofa financially successful development that enabled large telecommunications firms to weaken their competition.the desire of electronics and telecommunications companies to make sound technology profitablea major development in the broadcasting industry that occurred before the 1920sthe cooperation between telecommunications companies and the motion picture industry12-2-12 Paragraph 6: In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound filmsa rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.12. According to paragraph 6, which of the following accounts for the delay in the conversion to sound films in Europe?European producers often lacked knowledge about the necessary equipment for the transition to sound films.Smaller European producers were often unable to afford to add sound to their films.It was often difficult to wire older cinemas in the major cities to play sound films.Smaller European producers believed that silent films with music accompaniment were aesthetically superior to sound films.13-1-11 Paragraph 7: Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary groups norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation13-3-10 Paragraph 4: Two additional techniques of studying infant perception have come into vogue. The first is the habituation-dishabituation technique, in which a single stimulus is presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline (habituation) in whatever attending behavior is being observed. At that point a new stimulus is presented, and any recovery (dishabituation) in responsiveness is recorded. If the infant fails to dishabituate and continues to show habituation with the new stimulus, it is assumed that the baby is unable to perceive the new stimulus as different. The habituation-dishabituation paradigm has been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactory perception in infants. / The second technique relies on evoked potentials, which are electrical brain responses that may be related to a particular stimulus because of where they originate. Changes in the electrical pattern of the brain indicate that the stimulus is getting through to the infants central ner