欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by _element and _element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homers epics consisted of_. Iliad and Odyssey 3. _ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. _ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. _is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to _. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is _. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. () Archimedes 2. Herodotuss historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. () Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development? 答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1) Spirit of innovation The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2) Supreme Achievement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3) Lasting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homers epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophaness comedies, Platos Dialogues,ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byrons Isles of Greece, Shelleys Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyces modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答：1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly. B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didnt, except for the brief moment of Alexanders conquests, which soon disintegrated. B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. 4. What is the Rome historical background? 答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land areas extension: Encircling the Mediterranean. 3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions. 4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana. 5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law. 6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. A.