知识点大全8B Unit4 A good read Comic stripWelcome to the unit 1. Have you decided what to do with these books? 你已经决定怎样处理这些书了吗？do with 意思是：“对付，处理” ，相当于及物动词，在特殊疑问句中，do with 与 what 搭配使用。例： What do you do with this problem? 你怎样处理这个问题？拓展： deal with 也意为“对付，处理”，用于特殊疑问句中，与how 搭配使用。例： I don t know how to deal with the problem. 我不知道怎样处理这个问题。2. I have to use them to reach the box on the fridge.我得用它们来够冰箱上的书。1）use sth. to do sth.意思是：“用某物来做某事” ， 也可用为 use sth. for (doing) sth. 。被动语态为： sth. be used to do sth. 例： We use computers to play games.= Computers are used to play games. 我们用电脑玩游戏。2）reach 为及物动词，意为“够到，到达”I m too short to reach the apple on the tree. 我太矮了，够不着树上的苹果。3. They improve my knowledge of the past. 它们提高我对过去的认识。Knowledge 是名词，意为“知识，认知，学问”，后可接 of 的短语作定语或that 从句作同位语， 表示关于某方面的知识或对某人或某事的了解或理解，此时 knowledge 前须加定冠词the。例： He is poor in money, but rich in knowledge. 他贫于金钱，但富于学问。She has a rich knowledge of Chinese history. 她对中国的历史了解很深。4. What do you like to do in your spare time? 你空闲时间喜欢干什么？Spare是形容词，意为“空闲的，多余的”例： How do you spend your spare time? 你怎样度过你的空余时间？拓展： spare也可作为动词，意思是：为留出，匀出例： Please spare some time for your hobbies. 请为你的爱好留出一点时间。Reading 1. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. 在我们的船触礁以后，我尽可能远地向前游。1) against 是介词，意思是：靠着、顶着、迎着、衬着，例： The teacher s desk is against the wall. 老师的办公桌靠墙放着。The red flag looks very bright against the blue sky. 红旗在蓝天的衬托下显得十分鲜艳。2) as far as 意为：与 一样远、一直到，在否定句中也可写为so far as, 例： We walked as far as the river. 我们一直走到河边。拓展： as far as也可表示为“就而言，从来看，尽 所能”例： We ll help you as far as it is possible. 我们会尽可能帮助你。2. By the time I finally felt the land under my feet, I was tired out.我能感觉到陆地在我的脚下，我已经精疲力竭了。Be tired out 意思是：疲倦，精疲力竭例： Those players were tired out after the fierce match. 那些队员在那场激烈的比赛之后感到精疲力竭了。拓展： be tired of 对.感到厌倦 ; be tired with 因.而疲劳例：I am tired of living aboard. 我厌烦了国外的生活。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页知识点大全He was tired with climbing that steep hill.我爬那座陡山爬累了. 3. It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face.它在我肚子和脖子上移动直到它站在离我脸很近的地方。until 意思是“直到” ，表示某一种动作一直持续到某一时间。用在肯定句中，句子的谓语动词必须用延续性动词。Notuntil 意为“直到 才” ，表示直到某一时间，某一动作才发生，之前该动作并没有发生。用在否定句中，主句中的谓语动词通常是短暂性动词。例： I studied English until 9 oclock last night. 昨晚我学英语直到九点钟。（表示九点前一直在学）I didn t leave until 9 o clock last night. 我昨晚直到九点钟才离开。（表示九点才离开）4. He was the same size as my little finger. 他和我的小手指一样大。the same as意思是“与 一样 ” ，这里 as 是连词。例：My dress is the same color as yours. 我的长裙和你的颜色一样。拓展： the same as 意思是“与 一样”例：This answer must be a crib: its exactly the same as Joness. 这个答案可能是抄袭来的，跟琼斯的答案一模一样。5. However, they soon got up again and continued moving across my body. 但是，他们很快又起身，并继续在我身上移动。continue 意思是“继续” ，指动作或状态的继续或持续不中断。可以表示一件事一直在做，中间没有停歇； 也可以表示中间有一个中断，接着又做下去，可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。后可以加名词、动名词、不定式或that 从句。例： She looked up for a moment, then continued drawing. 她抬头看了一下，然后继续画画。6. I did not know what to say either. I tried to pull one hand free and finally managed to break the ropes.我也不知道说什么。我尽量空出一只手并且最终设法弄断了绳子。1) either 是副词，用于否定句中作“也”解释，通常置于句末。Either 还可以用来强调否定含义的短语。例： I don t like the red shirt and I dont like the green either. 我不喜欢这件红色衬衫我也不喜欢这件绿色的。As for me, I shall not return there either. 如果是我，我也不会回到那儿去。拓展： either 用作代词，意为“（两者之中）任一、任何一个”，在句中作主语时谓语动词用单数，用作定语时，只能修饰单数名词。例： Either of the books is popular with the students. 两本书中任何一本都受到学生的欢迎。2) manage 意为“设法完成，管理”，名词为management 例： How did you manage to get their approval? 你怎样得到他们同意的？Under strict management, his business gained ground. 在严格的管理下, 他的生意有了起色. Grammar 1. 疑问词 +不定式（ to do）疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, what, which, whose 和疑问副词when, where, how, why 。 此外，连接词 whether 也适用。“疑问词 +不定式”结构有下列五种功能：当主语，如： When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. 何时开会还没有定下来。 Where to live is a problem. 住哪里是个问题。当宾语，如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页知识点大全 We must know what to say at a meeting. 我们必须知道在会上说些什么。 He could not tell whom to trust. 他无法分辨该信任谁。当表语，如： The problem is where to find the financial aid. 问题是到哪找到财政援助。当名词同位语，如：Tom had no idea which book to read first. 汤姆不知道先读哪本书。当宾语补足语，如： Jim is not sure whose to choose. 吉姆不确定选择谁的。Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not. 玛丽和约翰不确定是否要结婚。适用于 “ 疑问词 +不定式动词 ” 的动词包括：know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand 等。有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如： I could not decide which dictionary to buy. = I could not decide which dictionary I should buy. 我不能决定买哪本字典。 Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher.= Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher. 杰克不知道到哪能找到这样一个好老师。有些动词，如ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach 等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的 “ 疑问词 +不定式动词 ” 结构。例如： Have you told him where to get the application form? 你告诉他哪里领申请表了吗？2. must 和 have to 的用法。区别 1：must 多表示主观需要或责任感的驱使有必要或有义务去做某事，多译为“ 必须 ” ，而have to 多表示客观存在的环境所限，即客观要求(无奈 )而为之，多译为“ 不得不干某事” 。例： I must clean the room because it is too dirty. （无人强迫）因为太脏了，我必须要打扫房间。We must be there on time.（责任感的驱使）我们一定准时到达。I have to do my homework now. （不得不做）我现在不得不做作业。I have to leave school because my family is poor now. 因为家里穷了，我不得不退学。区别 2： must 没有时态的变化，而have to 有时态的变化。例：Daming was hurt. The doctor said he had to stay in hospital for about two weeks. His father has to go to take care of him. 大明受伤了。医生说他大概得住院两周，他的父亲得去照顾他。We don t have to go to school on Sundays. 星期天我们不必上学。区别 3： must 的否定为mustnt，多表示 “ 禁令 ” 。例： No! You mu stn t turn left! You must turn right into The Strand.不！你不能向左转！你应该向右转进入到strand 中。由 must 引起的疑问句， 肯定回答要用must 或 have to， 否定回答要用neednt或 dont have to ，意思是 “ 不必 ” ；此用法在中考中的单选题中容易出现！例： 1）Must I finish my homework before eight oclock? Yes, you must. 我必须要在8 点之前完成作业吗？是的，必须。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页知识点大全2）Must I attend the meeting? No, you needn t/ don t have to. You can ask Tom to go instead.我必须要参加这次会议吗？不。你不必。你可以让汤姆替你去。Integrated skills & Study skills 1. All the British publishing houses refused to publish it. 所有的英国出版社都拒绝出版。refuse 是动词，及物动词或不及物动词，意思是 “拒绝， 回绝”。一般形式为refuse+to do sth. 或 refuse sth. sb. 例： We asked him to come, but he refused. 我们叫他来 , 可是他拒绝了。He refused to change his mind. 他拒绝改变主意。She refused their invitation. 她拒绝了他们的邀请。2. So far 到目前为止，至今若强调 so far 所描述的谓语动作一直持续到现在，谓语动词用现在完成时。例： So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。So far 50 people have died in the fighting. 到目前为止，已有50 人在战斗中丧生。若不强调so far 所描述的谓语动作一直持续到现在，则只是侧重描述一种客观现象，则可用一般现在时（谓语动词通常为某些状态动词）。如：So far, it is only talk. 至今还只是空谈。This is likely to be the biggest conference so far. 这很可能是迄今为止规模最大的一次会议。3. How many books can I borrow at a time? 一次我能借多少本书？at a time 意思是“一次，每次” ，常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。例： He checked one person at a time as they came in. 当他们进来时，他一个一个地检查。拓展： at one time 一般指“过去某一时期，曾一度（once） ”或“同时”的意思。例：At one time I used to like her, but not any more now. 我曾一度很喜欢她，可现在不喜欢了。4. For example, Treasure Island tells the story of a young boy who sailed the sea to look for hidden treasure. 比如，金银岛讲一个小男孩出海寻找宝藏的故事。1）look for 意为 “ 寻找 ” ，是有目的地找，强调“ 寻找 ” 这一动作。如：What are you looking for ？你在找什么？Im looking for my bike我在找我的自行车。2）find 意为 “ 找到 ”“发现 ” ，强调 “ 找” 的结果，其宾语往往是某个丢失的东西或人。如：Did you find Li Ming yesterday？你昨天找到李明了吗？No，we looked for him everywhere ，but didnt find him 没有。我们到处找了，但没有找到他。拓展： find 发现，发觉例： I didnt find the joke at all amusing. 我认为这笑话一点也不可笑。3）find out 着重表示通过理解、分析、思考、询问等“ 弄清楚 ”“查明 ” 一件事情，其后的宾语常常是某个情况、事实。如：Please find out when the train leaves请查一下火车什么时候离站。5. I also want to travel and have exciting experiences in the future. 在将来我也想去旅游并且有激动人心的经历。1) experience 用作名词，表示“ 经验 ”“体验 ” ，是 不可数名词 ；而表示 “ 经历 ” ，通常是可数名词。如： Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。I know from experience that he will arrive late. 据我的经验，他会迟到的。He had many interesting experiences while travelling in Africa. 他在非洲旅行时， 有很多有趣的精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页知识点大全经历。表示做某事的经验，其后接in (of)doing sth. 。如：He has had many years experience in (of) wheat planting / planting wheat. 他有多年种小麦的经验。比较：have experience in (of) teaching have teaching experience(教学经验 ) 2) 用作动词，表示“ 体验 ”“经历 ” 等，只用作及物动词。如：The child had never experienced kindness. 这孩子从未受过善待。He experienced great hardships for the first time in his life. 他有生以来第一次体验到巨大的艰苦。3)experienced 为形容词，意思是“有经验的”。He s quite experienced in teaching beginners. 他在教初学者方面很有经验。Task Self-assessment1. Who do you usually ask for advice on books? 通常是谁给你读书的建议？advice 为不可数名词，意思是“ 建议 ” ，可用 some，much，a piece of，pieces of 等修饰，不能说 an advice 或 many/a few advices，表示 “ 有关 的建议 ” 时，用介词 on 接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。例如： Let s ask for his advice on what to do next. 我们去征求一下他的意见下一步该怎么办。常见搭配： give advice on 对 提出建议take/follow one s advice接受某人的建议ask for advice 征求意见act on one s advice照某人的建议去做accept/refuse one s advice接受（拒绝）某人的建议offer advice to sb. 向某人提供建议want one s advice需要某人的建议动词形式advise，是及物动词 常见搭配： advise sb. to do sth. advise doing sth. advise that sb. should do sth. 例如； He advised waiting till the proper time. 他建议等到适当时机才行动。My teacher advises me to leave now.老师建议我现在就离开。We advise measures （should）be taken to stop pollution at once. 我们建议立即采取措施以阻止污染。2. They also open up a whole new world to me. 他们也为我开创了一个崭新的世界。Open up 意思是：开启，开创，开辟例： A new territory has been opened up for trade. 一个新的贸易区开发了。拓展：1）(景色等的 )展现例： A beautiful view opened up before us. 一幅美景展现在我们面前。2）开发，开辟，创建例： open up a new situation / a bright future / more waste land 开创一个新局面/美好的前程 /开辟更多荒地3）吐露真情例： She never opened up to me on the subject.关于那个问题，她从未对我开诚布公。4）变宽，展现，揭示精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页知识点大全例： After a while the road opened up and they traveled more quickly . 过了一会儿，路变宽了，他们也走得更快了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页