语法（一）名词 一基础知识梳理1 可数名词与不可数名词。可数名词分为单数和复数形式，单数名词可用a/an表示数量或类别。名词复数分为规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化：一般在名词词尾加-s 如： cakecakes 以 s, ch, sh, x 等结尾的名词在词尾加-es.如：boxboxes 以辅音字母 y 结尾的名词变y 为 i 再加 -es.如： citycities 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变f，fe 为 v 再加 -es.如： leafleaves 以 o 结尾的名词，有些加-es 如： potatopotatoes;有些加 -s 如： radioradios 不规则变化：只有复数形式，如：clothes 单复数同形，如：sheep 形式上的复数，实际上是单数，如：physics 形式上的单数，实际上是复数，如：people 特殊变化： manmen, womanwomen, foot feet, childchildren, tooth teeth 不可数名词一般没有单数形式，在句中全部看作单数形式，也不能与a(an)或数词连用，表示数量得用“数词量数of名词”如： a piece of music。2 名词所有格有生命的东西的名词所有格构成：单数名词后加 s。如： the boy s bike 不以 s 结尾的复数名词在词后加 s。如： people s son 以 s 结尾的复数名词在词尾加 。如： the twins mother 为两个人或物共有的人或东西，只在后一个名词加 s。如： Mary and Tom s teacher；如不是两人共有的，分别在两个名词后加 s 如：Lily s and Lucy s beds；表示无生命的东西的名词所有格常用介词of名词。如：the door of the house 二中考考题解析例 1I m afraid that no for you in my car , because there are already five people. A. land B. groud C. room D. floor (2003 年山西省中考题) 解析：本题考查名词同义词辨析。题干中提到车子里没有地方，这里的地方应该是指空间，且不可数名词。正确答案是C。例 2Ted, take some to school. It s so hot and you may feel thirsty. A. bread B. bananas C. oranges D. juice 解析：本题考查名词的意义，通过句意判断要买的是饮料，正确答案是D。例 3 Are there any on the farm? Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (2004 年沈阳市中考题) 解析：本题考查名词的复数，sheep单数复数同形，正确答案是D。例 4This is bedroom . The twin sisters like it very much . A. Anne and Jane B. Anne s and Jane s C. Anne s and Jane D. Anne and Jane s （2004 年河北省中考题）解析：本题考查名词的所有格，bedroom 是单数，题中用it 代替它，说明此卧室为两个名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 人共有，正确答案是D。三专项练习自测1. Use your , and you ll find a good way. A. head B. mind C. heart D. eye 2. There are twenty-eight days in . A. week B. month C. year D. February 3. We can see some in the picture. A. ship B. sheep C. shop D. cup 4. Yesterday afternoon I saw a in the restaurant. A. Germany B. American C. English D. German 5. The hospital is not far from here. It s only five walk. A. minute B. minutes C. minute s D. minutes6. Mary is an American girl. I got to know her through an English newspaper. We are . A. classmates B. sisters C. writers D. pen friends 7. National Day is coming. We will have a holiday. A. seven day B. seven day s C. seven-day D. seven-days 8. - Oh, there isn t enough for us on the bus. - It doesn t matter. Let s wait for the next. A. room B. place C. ground D. floor 9. - Please give me a when you arrive in London, Yang Hua. - OK. I ll tell you everything when I get there. A. newspaper B. ring C. TV set D. ticket 10. There is little in the fridge, Let s go and buy some coke, juice and tea. A. fruit B. drink C. meat D. wine 11. - Who s that woman? - That s aunt. A. Jim and Kate B. Jim s and Kate C. Jim and Kate s D. Jim s and Kate s 12. - Where s your father? - At . A. Mr. Chen s B. The Mr. Chen s C. Chens D. The Chens 13. - Where s the church? - It s from our school. A. two hour s drive B. two hour drive C. two hours drive D. two hours drive 14. - What s on the table? - There s a lot of on it. A. oranges B. apples C. food D. pears 15. - Would you have some ? - Here you are. A. eggs and milk B. egg and milk C. eggs and milks D. egg and milks 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 代词 一基础知识梳理1人称代词的主格与宾格主格用做句子的主语。宾格放在动词或介词后面做句子的宾语或表语。如： I give him a book. 人称代词it 可用来表示距离,季节 ,时间 ,天气 ,温度等，也可用来表示不知性别、不明身份的人，有时也可指婴儿。如： It s 2 kilometres from my home to the park. 2形容词性与名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词不能单独使用，只能作定语。 名词性物主代词可作主语,表语或宾语 ,不能作定语，其后不可接名词。名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词如： Is that his ruler? Yes.It s his. 3反身代词反身代词在句中可以作宾语，表语或同位语。 常见的搭配有by oneself, enjoy oneself, help oneself, teach oneself 等。4指示代词指示代词有this, that, these, those 等。打电话时常用that 问对方是“谁” ，用 this 介绍自己。5疑问代词疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what 和 which，一般放在句首，构成特殊疑问句。6不定代词不定代词主要有：some, any, no, both, all, each, every, other(s),another, neither, many, much, few, a few, little, a little等。some, any some 一般用于肯定句，any 用于疑问句 , 否定句及条件句中。但some 还可用在表示请求、邀请、建议等疑问句或说话人希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句中。many, much, few, a few, little, a little, many, much 主要用于否定句和疑问句中，在肯定句中多用a lot of 等。many 修饰可数名词的复数，反义词是few。much 修饰不可数名词，反义词是little 。few, a few 用来修饰或指代可数名词，little, a little用来修饰或指代不可数名词。few, little 表示否定， a few, a little 表示肯定。the other, another the other 指两个中另一个，another 指三个或三个以上的“又一”“再一”。both, neither, either, all, none both“两者都”，谓语动词用复数形式。neither“两者都不” ，谓语动词用单数形式。either“两者任何一个” ，谓语动词用单数形式，作定语时只能修饰单数名词。all “全部”，表肯定。none“全部不”，表示全体否定。each, every 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - each 指两者或两者以上，侧重个别情况。every 指三者或三者以上，侧重全体而不在个别。二中考考题解析例1This machine is very easy to use. can learn to use it in a very short time. A. Somebody B. Anybody C. Nobody D. Few people (2003 年南昌市中考题) 解析： 本题考查不定代词的词义的用法。根据语境我们得知机器很容易使用，所以“任何人”在短期内都可以学会。正确答案是B。例2Is this your sweater joy? No, it s not sweater. is yellow. A. my, My B. my, Mine C. mine, Mine D. mine, My ( 2004 年哈尔滨市中考题) 解析：本题考查物主代词的用法。形容词性物主代词后要接名词，名词性的物主代词不能接名词。正确答案是B。例3Do you know the woman in the red dress? Certainly. She s Mrs Xu. She teaches chemistry. A. our B. us C. we D. ours (2004 吉林省中考题 ) 解析：本题考查人称代词的用法。放在动词之后，应用人称代词宾格。正确答案为B。例 4 Joan and Ricky are too busy to help us. Let s do it . A.herself B. himself C. themselves D. ourselves (2004 年山西省中考题) 解析： 本题考查反身代词的用法。题干的意思是 “John and Ricky 太忙了， 帮不了我们，只有我们自己去做” 。正确答案是D。三专项练习自测1. Mr Wang has three daughters. of them are college students. A. Each B. Every C. Both D. All 2. I want to borrow some money from Kate, but she hasn t . A. some B. any C. money D. one 3. If you don t work hard, you may fall behind students. A. the other B. other C. others D. the others 4. We worked out the maths problems , didn t ? A. ourselves; us B. ourselves; we C. ourselves; our D. ourselves; ours 5. Your handwriting is better than . A. I B. me C. mine D. my 6. I m old enough to wash clothes by myself. You can just wash . A. my; your B. your; my C. my; yours D. mine; yours 7. Two languages are the most widely used. One is Chinese, is English. A. another one B. another C. the other D. the others 8. We want to go to see the animals. But of us knows how to get to the zoo. A. All B. None C. No one D. Nobody 9. We couldn t eat in the restaurant because of us had money. A. any; no B. all; no C. none; any D. no one; any 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 10. - Is ready for the party? - Not yet .We still need to buy some fruit and drink. A. nothing B. something C. everything D. anything 11. That river is very dangerous .So people swim there. A. a few B. a little C. few D. little 12. Those coats in this shop are more expensive than . A. those in that shop B. those coats C. in the shop D. any other students 13. Wu Feng is taller than in his class. A. any B. any other C. any other student D. any other students 14. Sorry, I can t answer your questions, because I know about the subject. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little 15. I hope there are enough glasses for each person to have . A. it B. those C. them D. one 16. - Nice to see you, Mrs Liu. - . A. Me, too. B, The same to you. C. Thank you. D. I, too. 17. I found impossible for to solve the problem. A. it; he B. it; him C. that; him D. that; he 18. - Hello, who is speaking? - is Joy speaking. A. this; That B. it; it C. that; This D. that; She 19. - Is that man your teacher? - Yes, teaches maths this term. A. He; us B. He; our C. She; us D. She; our 20. I don t like of the skirts. Please show me a third one. A. any B. one C. either D. both 数词 一基础知识梳理1 基数词表示数目的多少用英语表达数字时，十位与个位之间有连字符，百位与千位之间有and 。表示概数时用固定短语，如：hundreds of , thousands of , millions of 2 序数词表示数目的顺序序数词前常加the，与不定冠词a 连用表示“又一，再一”。3 分数的表达方式分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1 时，分母加s，如 2/3 two thirds. 二中考考题解析例 1This bridge is about long. A. five hundred metre B. five hundreds metres C. five hundred metres D. five hundreds metre (2004 年西宁市中考题) 解析：本题考查数词的基本用法。当hundred 前有具体数词修饰时不能用复数，因此，排除 B 和 D。另外 metre 是可数名词，故正确答案是C。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 例 2- What s one fourth and a half, do you know? -Yes, it s . A. two sixths B. three fourths C. one three D. three sixths （2004 年杭州市中考题）解析：本题考查分数的表达，根据句意1/4 + 1/2 = 3/4 ， 正确答案是B。例 3There are people in my family. We live on the floor in a building. A. five; six B. fifth; sixth C fifth; six D. five; sixth （2004 年长沙市中考题）解析：本题考查基数词与序数词的区别。家里有 5 个人用基数词， 住在第六层用序数词。正确答案是D。三专项练习自测1. December is month of the year. A. twelve B. twelfth C. the twelve D. the twelfth 2. foreigners come to China every year. A. Thousands B. Three thousands C. Thousands of D. Thousand of 3. Wednesday is the day of the week. A. third B. fourth C. fifth D. sixth 4. Mr Li will be back in . A. one or two days B. one day or two C. a or two days D. a day or two 5. There are usually days in February. A. 27 B. 28 C. 30 D. 31 6. - What s the English for “6:05”? - It s . A. six to five B. six past five C. five to six D. six five 7. Eight billion one hundred and thirty-two thousand and eight-seven is . A.8,000,132,000 B.8,132,000,000 C. 8,000,132,087 D. 8,000,132,187 8. The Olympic Games are held once . A. every four years B. every four year C. every-four-year D. each fourth year 9. - holiday is coming. What are you going to do? - I ve no idea. A. Seven days B. Seven-daysC. Seven-day D. Seven-days 10.The date “July 21st , 2004” reads . A.July twenty-one, two thousand and four B.July twenty-first, two thousand and four C.July the twenty-first, two thousand and four D.July the twenty-one, two zero zero four 介词 一基础知识梳理介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，常与动词构成短语动词与名词构成介词短语。下面归纳几种常用的介词：1 in , at , on , to in ,at ,on 可以表示时间，in 表示一段时间。at 多用于钟点时刻前。on 主要在星期几，具体某一天或某一天的早、午、晚或节日前。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - in , at , on 还可以表示地点。in 表示国家城市等大地方，at 表示某一点或用于小地点前。 in 表示“在 里面” ， on 表示“在 上” 。in , to , on 可表示方位， in 表示在某一地区之间的方位（属于该范围），on 表示与某一地区的比邻关系，to 表示在某一地区之外的某方位（不属于该范围）。2 between , among between 常指“在 （两者）之间” ，among“在 （三者或三者以上的人或物之间）。3 above , over , on , below , under above 和 over 都表示“在 上方” 。above 指在上方的任意一点，表示在某物上的高低位置，不接触，反义词为below。over 一般指垂直方向，反义词under 。on “在 上面”且互相接触。4 by , in , with in 用来表示“用语言，声音等”，也可表示“用工具，材料等”。by 后一般跟动名词或抽象化的可数名词（其前不用冠词）“用 手段或方式” 。with 表示借助于某一具体的工具，材料或人体器官。5 in , after in ,after 都可用来表示“在以后” 。in 表示从现在算到若干时间以后，in 只可接时间段， in+一段时间，常用于将来时。after 表从过去算起到若干时间以后，后可接时间段或时间点， after+时间点也可用于将来时。6 across , through , past across表示“从 表面穿过”或沿某一条线的方向而进行的动作，表示游渡乘船过海时用across。through 表示“从 中间穿过”。past表示“从旁边经过” 。初中常见有介词固定搭配的词组：agree with , at first , at night , at once , at the age of , at the beginning/end/head of , at the moment , at times , at the same time , be famous for , be full of , be good at , be interested in, be made of/in , be pleased with , be proud of , be used for , by plane/sea , by the way , catch up with, come in/on , come over , come out , come up with , do well in , drop off , fall behind , fall off , find out , first of all , for example , fromto , get on well with , get on , give up , hard in , hear of, help yourself to , help with , hold on , hour after hour , in a hurry , in English , in fact , in front , in front of , in the air , in the end , in the future , in this way , in time , instead of , kinds of , later on , laugh at , learn from , leavebehind , listen to , live on , look after , look at ,look for , look like , look out , look up , make room for , multiply by ，next to , not at all , on display , on earth ，on foot , no one s way to , no show , on the left/right , on the other hand , on time , on watch , out of , pay for , play a joke on , point at , point to , put on , put up , put off, regardas , ring up , run out , say goodbye to , speak highly of , stand in line , step into , stop from , take care of , talk about , talk with , the day after tomorrow , the day before yesterday , to one s surprise , try on , try out , turn down/off/on , up and down , wait for , wake up , what about , work out 二中考考题解析例 1Don t tell anybody about it , keep it you and me. A. with B. in C. between D. among （2004 年山西省中考题）名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 解析：本题考查介词的用法。between 指两者之间， among 指三者或三者以上的人或物之间，正确答案是C。例 2My grandfather often reads newspapers breakfast. A. on B. in C. at D. of (2004 年昆明市中考题) 解析：本题考查介词on , in , at 在表达时间时的区别。在表示时间的一点、一时刻时通常用介词at； in 指某个较长的时间内；在具体时日和一个特定的时间前用on，因此正确答案是 C。例 3Xinjiang is one of the largest provinces in China. It s the northwest of China. A. at B. in C. to D. from 解析：本题考查介词in , to 表示方位的区别。in 表示某一地区的范围内，to 表示某一地区之外，在范围外，正确答案是B。例 4The engineer will return from Macao a few days. A. since B. in C. on D. after (2003 年昆明市中考题) 解析： 本题考查in , after 表示时间的区别。in 后跟一段时间， 用于将来时； after 后跟一个时间点。正确答案时B。三专项练习自测1. His father was late the meeting yesterday. A. at B. for C. to D. in 2. the help of TV we can know more about many other countries. A. Under B. On C. With D. About 3. The teacher came into the classroom a book in her hand. A. for B. had C. of D. with 4. These beautiful flowers are made silk. A. about B. by C. of D. with 5. The men red sports shirts are the players of Guo an Team. A. at B. in C. from D. with 6. He likes the book a lot. He spend twenty-eight yuan it. A. on B. in C. by D. at 7. Han Mei is better than me dancing. A. at B. in C. of D. for 8. I often have some vegetables lunch at school. A. in B. for C. of D. to 9. Which events was he this sports meeting? A. at B. of C. on D. in 10. That s very kind you. I know it s very difficult you. A. for; for B. of; of C. for; of D. of; for 11. The park is very beautiful, with flowers growing the river bank. A. across B. along C. round D. through 12. Thank you your help. I finished the work in time. A. for B. to C. of D. with 13. We arrive Nan jing late night. And soon I found a hotel. A. in; in B. at; at C. at; in D. in; at 14. They didn t come here business, but a holiday. A. for; on B. on; at C. on; for D. for; for 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 15. a young man, you should be always ready help others. A. As; to B. Like; to C. As; for D. Like; for 连词 一基础知识梳理连词可以连接词与词、短语与短语及句子与句子。连词分为两类： 并列连词和从属连词。1 初中学过的并列连词有：and , but , not onlybut also， so ,or , neither nor , as well as , bothand, whetheror , eitheror 2 初中学过的从属连词有：when , while , as , after , before , since , until /till , as soon as , because , if , unless , even though , though/although , as if, than , as as , so that , sothat ,suchthat , whether 二中考考题解析例1-Shall we go on working? -Yes, I prefer to have a rest . A. when B. if C. because D. though (2004 年江西省中考题) 解析：本题考查从属连词的辩义。从上下文语境中看出，“虽然想休息，但是还得继续工作” 。因此正确答案是D。例 2-I really want to know SunYao is. - It is said that he is much better these days. A. what B. how C. where D. who (2004 年安徽省中考题) 解析：本题考查从属连词的辩义。从答句告诉我们“据说这些天他身体好多了。”我们便可得知从句的连词是关于询问身体状况的。因此正确答案是B。例 3 I like riding fast. It s very exciting. Oh, you mustn t do it like that , it may have an accident. A. and B. or C. so D. but (2004 年吉林省中考题) 解析：本题考查并列连词的用法。and 表示顺序， or 表示否定假设，so 表示结果， but表示转折，根据句意，正确答案应为B。意思是“ 否则会出事故的。 ”例 4I enjoy the popular dance “ hip-hop” , but my father my mother likes it. A. both and B. not only but also C. eitheror D. neithernor (2004 年上海市中考题) 解析：本题考查连词，bothand表示“两者都” ，谓语动词用复数；not only but also“不但 而且”与题干中的but 不能出现在同一句中意思不符；eitheror 与题干中的but意思也不相符，该句的意思是“我喜欢，但我的父母不喜欢。 ”因此正确答案为D。三专项练习自测1. - Jim Tom works hard enough. - I think so. I m sure they won t pass the examination. A. Either; or B. Not only; but also C. Not; but D. Neither; nor 2. He s going to America next week, he s there, he ll visit his friends in New York. A. if B. when C. since D. because 3. Jim likes rock music, his friend Tom enjoys light music. A. while B. but C. for D. and 4. Please take away the big stone on the road, there may be an accident. A. and B. or C. so D. then 5. He is very rich he is not happy. 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - A. and B. so C. but D. for 6. He put on his coat went out. A. but B. and C. or D. so 7. - You don t worry about your life work. We will help you. - Thank you. A. and B. but C. nor D. or 8. Everybody is here, Tim is away. A. and B. or C. but D. so 9. Mrs White knows little English, he can t understand the instructions of the machine. A. so B. or C. but D. for 10. Could you tell me we ll have a sports meeting next week? A. when B. what C. that D. where 11. I don t know he come here or not tomorrow. A. why B. that C. what D. whether 12. Ann didn t go to see the film yesterday she was ill. A. because B. but C. if D. until 13. Could you tell me they are looking for? A. where B. when C. why D. who 14. - Do you know he has stayed in Hai nan? - About two months. A. how soon B. how long C. how often D. how old 15. I don t understand my English teacher said just now. A. who B. that C. what D. which 冠词 一基础知识梳理冠词有两种：定冠词the 和不定冠词a , an 1 不定冠词 a , an 。a 用于辅音音素前，an 用于元音音素前。不定冠词的用法：用在单位可数名词前，表示一类人或物，指一类中的任何一个。表示数量“一个” ，但数的概念没有one强。指某类人或事物中的任何一个。用在某些固定词组中。如：a pair of , half an hour , have a cold , have a good time等。2 定冠词 the 定冠词的用法特指某人或某物，谈话双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。世界上独一无二的事物前。特指上文提到过的人或事物。用在序数词和形容级最高级前。用于某些专有名词前。用在一些词组用语中。如：in the morning/afternoon/evening , all the timein the end , in the middle of , on the right/left 3 不用冠词的情况名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 表示材料、三餐饭、球类运动的名词前在星期、月份、季节、节日前复数名词表示一类人或事物时名词前已有物主代词，指示代词，名词所有格等修饰时在不可数名词前在某些固定词组中，如：by bus/plane, at home, get to school,in trouble, in bed , at once , on foot 等。二中考考题解析例 1This is song Ive told you about. Isnt it_ beautiful one? A. the; the B. a; a C. the; a D. a; the (2004年江西省中考题) 解析： 本题考查冠词的用法。题干中第一句提到的song 是特指的“我告诉过你的”。故用定冠词the ；第二句用在可数名词单数前，表示“一”，用不定冠词a。正确答案是C。例 2What fine weather we has these days！ A. a B. the C./ D. an (2004年天津市中考题) 解析：本题考查不用冠词的情况。weather 为不可数名词，不可数名词前不用冠词。正确答案为C。例 3Mr Smith always gives me hand when I am in trouble. A.a B.an C.the D.不填 (2004年杭州市中考题) 本题考查固定短语中的冠词。give a hand 是个固定短语。正确答案是A。三专项练习自测1. Jill is university student. He likes playing football. A. a; the B. an; the C. a; / D. an; / 2. earth moves around sun. A. The; the B. The; a C. A; the D. /; / 3. - Would you like bottle orange? - No. I d like orange. A. a; of; a B. an; of; a C. a; of; an D. a; /;an 4. Mid-autumn Festival is coming. A. The B. A C. An D. / 5. horse is useful animal. A. An; a B. A; an C. A; a D. An; An 6. Browns got to Beijing yesterday evening. They are going to see Great Wall tomorrow morning. A. /; the B. The; / C. /; / D. The; the 7. Today we ll talk about use of English- Chinese dictionaries. A. the;/ B. a; an C. the; an D. an; the 8. - How far is it from your home to school? - It is eight-kilometers walk. A. the; an B. /； an C. the; a D./；a 9. Lingling is always first to get to school. A. the; the B. /; the C. the; / D. /; / 10. More and more people would like to work in west of our country next year. A. a; the B. the ;/ C. the; the D. /; a 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 形容词副词 一基础知识梳理1 形容词用来修饰名词，表示名词的属性，特征或性质， 在句中作宾语， 表语， 宾补。2 副词在句中主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词。3 形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的形式变化。单音节和少数双音节词，一般在词尾加-er 或 -est 。以字母 e 结尾的加 r 或 st 。以重读闭音节结尾的词，词尾只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写这一辅音字母，再加 -er 或-est 。以辅音字母 y 结尾的词先改y 为 i 再加 -er或-est 。部分双音节和多音节前面加more或 most，少数以 er ，ow结尾的双音节词，可接-er,-est。不规则变化,good/well-better-best bad/ill/badly-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less-least far-farther-farthest old-older/elder-oldest/eldest 4 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法。very, quite, so, too等词后面用原级，as原级 as，not as(so)原级as。两者作比较用比较级，much, a little, a lot ,still, even 用来修饰比较级，“比较级比较级”或“more and more 比较级”表示越来越。在进行比较时，比较的对象必须是同类事物。 “The比较级 , ， the 比较级 , ” 表示“越,越, ”。三者或三者以上作比较用最高级，最高级前加the（副词最高级前可省去the ） 。二中考考题解析例 1-Mr Zhou, of all the students in our group, who lives ? -I think Li Lei does. A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the farther (2004年吉林省中考题) 解析：本题考查副词比较等级的用法。 of短语表示比较的范围应用最高级，正确答案是 C。例 2Oct.15 th was one of days in 2003.Shenzhou-V was sent up successfully. A. exciting B. more exciting C. the most exciting D. much exciting (2004年济南市中考题) 解析：本题考查形容词最高级的用法。one of 之后用形容词的最高级，正确答案是C。例 3Now more and more Chinese people are enough to buy cars. A. happy B. poor C. weak D. rich (2004年陕西省中考题) 本题在语境中考查形容词的辩义。根据句意“越来越多的人很富有能买得起车”，因此正确答案为D。例 4I don t like western food. A. clearly B. really C. widely D. mostly （2004 年南宁市中考题）解析：本题考查副词的用法，根据句意强调不喜欢的程度，正确答案为B。三专项练习自测1. - How much can you afford to buy the digital camera? 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 12 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - The the better, I m short of money you see. A. less B. cheaper C. more expensive D. fewer 2. Volleyball is a kind of sport, you can t play it by yourself. That s why our team is the winner. A. team B. popular C. funny D. exciting 3. She is . Pass her a piece of delicious cake, please. A. tired B. angry C. happy D. hungry 4. - Mum, I think I m to go back to school. - Not really. You d better stay in bed for one or two more days. A. so good B. very fine C. too healthy D. well enough 5. All of these subjects, I like maths . A. well B. more C. better D. best 6. Would you please read it ? I still can t follow you. A. loudly B. more loudly C. slowly D. more slowly 7. - Has John gone to London? - No. He is in Paris. A. yet B. still C. not D. already 8. We like the place very much and we didn t want to leave when time is up. A. even B. ever C. only D. still 9. To make our spoken English better, and we should speak as as possible. A. more B. many C. much D. soon 10. Jack is a good student , and he learns Chinese . A. good B. well C. fine D. nice 11. Do you get up your parents? A. as early as B. earlier C. much early D. earliest 12. My grandma lives in a place. She lives to stay in a place . A. quiet; quite B. quietly; quietly C. quite; quietly D. quiet; quietly 13. - Do you like physics? - Yes. But I think it s subject at school. A. very difficult B. very easy C. the most difficult D. the easiest 14. Xin jiang has rain than Fu jian does. A. much less B. little C. more less D. few 15. Linda is the in her family, all her sisters are much younger. A. youngest B. oldest C. largest D. least 16. This story is very and the boys are all in it. A. interested; interesting B. interesting; interest C. interested; interest D. interesting; interested 17. This room is so small that it can hold fifty students. A. almost B. hardly C. really D. nearly 18. Of all the students, I spent the time but made the mistakes in the exam. A. least, fewest B. least; least C. fewest; fewest D. fewest; least 19. The sick person feels . A. well B. nice C. good D. better 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 13 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 20. How _ the fish smell! A. badly B. terribly C. delicious D. well 动词 一基础知识梳理（一）动词可分为行为动词，系动词，助动词和情态动词。1 行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词直接跟宾语。2 系动词后跟名词或形容词作表语。常用的系动词：be, get, go, turn, sound, taste, seem, become, look, feel, smell。3 助动词本身无意义，在句中与主要动词使用来表示时态，语态，人称，数和否定，疑问等。常用的助动词：be, shall, will, have 等。4 情态动词后接动词原形。表示说话人对某一动作或状态所持的态度。can 表示能力、允许、推断。may表示征求对方的许可、推断。must 表示必须 （有命令的口气） ，推测， 指说话人的主观看法，have to 强调客观需要。will,shall表示意愿，向对方提出请求或询问。5 特殊动词的用法有些动词后必须加ing: mind, keep, practise, enjoy, finish, suggest, spend, have a problem doing, be worth doing, see/watch/hear doing, be busy doing sth, 注意：介词后要用动词ing 形式。有些动词后跟不带to 的动词不定式： make, let, have, feel, hear, watch, see, help 后可带 to, 也可不带to。had better, would rather 后跟动词原形。（二）动词的时态1 一般现在时：表示客观事实或普遍真理。经常发生反复进行的动作或状态。主语现有的特征。常与以下时间状语连用：often, usually, sometimes, never, always, once a year, every day等。谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式。2 一 般 过 去 式 ： 表 示 过 去 发 生 的 动 作 或 状 态 。 时 间 状 语 有yesterday, last night/year/month, just now, at that time, in(on,at)加一个过去的时间。谓语动词用过去式。3 一般将来时，表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表将来的时间状语连用，tomorrow, today, tonight, next spring/week 等。谓语动词will/shall加动词原形，am/is/are going to 加动词原形。4 现在进行时，表示说话时或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作，常与时间状语now, this week, these days等连词， come , go , leave , begin , stay , start 等现在进行时，可表示预定的即将发生的动作。谓语动词用am/is/are动词的现在分词形式。5 过去进行时， 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有： at this time, last night, at six yesterday 等。谓语动词用was/were动词的现在分词形式。6 现在完成时： 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的结果或影响,也可指过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：yet, already, just, before, since引导的时间状语或时间状语从句。for 引导的表示一段时间的状语。谓语动词用have/has加动词的过去分词形式。名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 14 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 7 过去完成时：表示过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动作，也可指从过去某时开始到过去某一时间为止的动作或状态即“过去的过去” 常用的时间状语： by last year, by the end of, last term, before, when 引导的从句，它还可表示过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态往往和由for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用。谓语动词用 had动词的过去分词形式。8 过去将来时：应用于过去某时，从过去的观点看将来发生的动作，常用的时间状语有： the next day, by then, the following week等谓语动词用would/should 加动词原形。（三）动词的语态英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。初中掌握被动语态的三种时态：1 一般现在时，由am/is/are 加动词的过去分词构成。2 一般过去时，由was/were/加动词的过去分词构成。3 含情态动词的 ,由情态动词加be 加动词的过去分词构成。二中考考题解析例 1I m interested in animals, so I every Saturday working in an animal hospital. A. pay B. get C. take D. spend (2004 年北京海淀区中考题) 解析：本题考查动词的近义词的区别。pay 指某人花钱做某事，get 得到， take, spend指花时间但spend 的主语必须时人。正确答案是D。例 2Internet bars mustn t let people under 18 in or let anybody bad things. A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches （ 2004 年上海市中考题）解析： 本题考查动词let 的用法， let 后面只能接不带to 的动词不定式。 正确答案是A。例 3-How long have you the motorbike? -For about two weeks. A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent (2004 年哈尔滨市中考题) 解析：本题考查动词的现在完成时。How long 表示一段时间， 动词应用延续性动词have来代替 buy 或 borrow 。正确答案是B。例 4-This kind of rice tastes rice. -Yes, it in Southeast China. A. was grown B. has grown C. is grown D. is growing (2004 年河南省中考题) 解析：本题考查动词的语态。主语是rice,它是动作的承受者，因此谓语动词应用被动语态。正确答案是C。例 5LiLei can t go hiking with us today, because he take care of his sick mother. A. has to B. may C. mustn t D. needn t (2004 年山西省中考题) 解析：本题考查情态动词的用法，从所给的句子中我们知道“李雷不能和我们去徒步旅行的原因是他母亲病了，他不得不留下来照顾母亲。”have to 强调的外界因素“不得不”“只好”。正确答案是A。例 6He keeps hard because he wants to be first. A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying (2004 年海南省中考题) 解析：在英语语法中， 有些动词如： finish, keep, mind, enjoy, practise 等后面必须接V-ing形式（动名词）作宾语。因此正确答案是D。三专项练习自测1. - Alice , why didn t you come yesterday? - I , but I had to take care of my sick mother. 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 15 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - A. did B. would C. was going to D. had 2. - Do you like the sweater? - Yes, it very comfortable. A. is felt B. feels C. felt D. is feeling 3. Jim didn t see us, he with the headmaster. A. just talked B. had just talked C. was just talking D. has just talked 4. - Why does Lim look worried? - His dictionary . He s looked for it everywhere but still it. A. has lost; couldn t find B. is losing; hadn t found C. has missed; didn t find D. is missing; hasn t found 5. - Where and when are you spending your holiday? - decided yet, I to Mount Lu. A. It hasn t been; may go B. It isn t ;will go C. They haven t been; had better go D. They aren t; am going. 6. It s six o clock now. My plane at seven ,so I think we ll take a taxi. A. is left B. is leaving C. leaves D. will leave 7. - Will you stay for dinner? - Sorry, I . I ll meet my mother at the station. A. won t B. mustn t C. can t D. needn t 8. - What do you think of the football match yesterday? - Well, it s surprising. The strongest team of the world . A. was failed B. won C. was beaten D. scored 9. I can t go to the concert with you , I am not to go out in the evening of school days. A. asked B. let C. allowed D. offered 10. Don t cut down the bamboos and throw them away. They can building, I think. A. used to B. be used to C. be used for D. used to be 11. Hurry up! Your flight is in fifteen minute. A. taking off B. turning off C. putting off D. getting off 12. I painted the room myself . It was not hard and the whole work didn t much. A. want B. cost C. spend D. pay 13. - Do you know send an e-mail? - That s easy, let me help you to do it. A. why to B. how to C. when to D. whet to 14. Yesterday Peter couldn t finish his homework , so he has to go on it this afternoon. A. doing B. having C. making D. talking 15. The Great Wall in the world . A. know B. knows C. knowing D. is known 16. The maraculous story in Athens in 2004. A. is happened B. was happened C. happened D. would happen 17. He is hungry. He needs something . A. eat B. to eat C. drink D. to drink 18. - Hi, Meimei. I didn t see you at school. - Oh, I after my mother at home .She s ill in bed. A. am looking B. was looking C. have looked D. look 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 16 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - 19. When I by the station, I saw the accident . A. past; happening B. passed; happened C. past; to happen D. passed; happen 20. This sweater will its colour after it s washed. A. lose B. miss C. drop D. fail Keys: 名词：1.A；2.D；3.B；4.D； 5.D；6.D；7.C；8.A ；9.B； 10.B；11.C；12.A ；13.D；14.C；15.A；代词：1.D；2.B；3.A；4.B； 5.C；6.C；7.C；8.B；9.C；10.C；11.C；12.A； 13.C；14.B；15.D；16.A ；17.B；18.C；19.A ；20.C；数词：1.D；2.C；3.B；4.A； 5.B；6.D；7.C; 8.A；9.C；10.C 介词：1.B；2.C；3.D；4.C；5.B；6.A；7.A；8.B；9.D； 10.D；11.B；12.A； 13.D；14.C；15.A ；连词：1.D；2.B；3A；4.B；5.C；6.B；7.D； 8.C；9.A；10.D； 11.D；12.A；13.D；14.B；15.C；冠词：1.C；2.A；3.C；4.A； 5.C；6.D；7.A；8.A；9.C； 10.B；形容词、副词：1.A；2.A；3.D；4.D；5.D；6.D；7.B；8.A ；9.C；10.B；11.A；12.D；13.C；14.A； 15.B；16.D；17.B；18.A；19.D；20.C；动词：1.C；2.B；3.C； 4.D；5.A；6.C；7.C；8.C；9.C；10.C；11.A；12.B；13.B；14.A；15.D；16.C；17.B；18.B；19.D；20.A；名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 17 页，共 17 页 - - - - - - - - -