考研英语范文阅读（六）考研英语范文阅读（六）A report consistently brought back by visitors to theUS is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americanswere to them. To be fair, this observation is alsofrequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best beconsidered North American. There are, of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxidrivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is anobservation made so frequently that it deserves ment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a wele break in an otherwise dull existence.Dullness and loneliness were mon problems of the familieswho generally lived distant from one another. Strangers andtravelers were wele sources of diversion, and brought newsof the outside world.The harsh realities of thefrontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someonetraveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often hadnowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely acharitable impulse on the part of the settlers. Itreflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt takein the stranger and take care of him, there was no one elsewho would. And someday, remember, you might be in the samesituation.Today there are many charitableorganizations which specialize in helping the wearytraveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality tostrangers is still very strong in the US, especially in thesmaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just traveling through, got talking with thisAmerican, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner-amazing. Such observations reported by visitors to the USare not unmon, but are not always understood properly. Thecasual friendliness of many Americans should be interpretedneither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the resultof a historically developed cultural tradition.As istrue of any developed society, in America a plex set ofcultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underliesall social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking alanguage does not necessarily mean that someone understandssocial and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail totranslate cultural meanings properly often draw wrongconclusions. For example, when an American uses the wordfriend, the cultural implications of the word may be quitedifferent from those it has in the visitors language andculture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus todistinguish between courteous convention and individualinterest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that manyAmericans value highly and expect from both neighbors andstrangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outsideworld, .（A）rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in theUS（B）small-minded officials deserve a serious ment（C）Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors（D）most Americans are ready to offer help56. Itcould be inferred from the last paragraph that .（A）culture exercises an influence over socialinterrelationship（B）courteous convention andindividual interest are interrelated（C）variousvirtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends（D）social interrelationships equal the plex set ofcultural conventions57. Families in frontiersettlements used to entertain strangers .（A）toimprove their hard life（B）in view of their long-distance travel（C）to add some flavor to their owndaily life（D）out of a charitable impulse58. Thetradition of hospitality to strangers .（A）tends tobe superficial and artificial（B）is generally wellkept up in the United States（C）is always understoodproperly（D）has something to do with the busy touristtrails答案及试题解析D A C B55.（D）意为：大局部美国人乐于助人。文章第一句指出，去过美国的人所带回的印象总是（consistently）：大多数美国人表现为友好、礼貌、乐于助人。本文从历史及文化的角度探讨了产生这一现象的原因。A 意为：粗鲁的出租车司机在美国罕见。B 意为：心胸狭窄的官员值得严肃的一提（或：应受严肃的批评）。C 意为：加拿大人不如其邻国（当主要指美国）人民友好。注意：（A）、（B）、（C）表达的观点都不是第一段中所提到的访美者的观点，第一段的第二、三、四句表达的是的观点。在作者看来，公平地讲，许多到过加拿大的人对加拿大人也有同感，因此可以说：这是一种北美现象-北美人大都友好、礼貌、乐于助人。同时，在他看来，这种情况也有例外：心胸狭隘的官员、粗鲁的侍者、无礼的出租车司机也不乏其人，但总的来看这并不构成主流。56.（A）意为：文化影响社会关系。最后一段的第一句是全段的主题，该句可译为：像其他兴旺国家一样，在美国，人际关系的背后是一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。换言之，美国的文化决定了美国人的行为。B 意为：礼貌的习惯与个人兴趣互相影响。最后一段第五句可译为：仅靠在公共汽车上瞬时相遇来区别礼貌是出自于文化习惯还是个人的兴趣是不够的。根据本段的主旨和全文的主旨，这句话应该理解为：判断一个人表现出的礼貌行为究竟仅产生于其个人素质还是产生于文化的熏陶，仅看其个别的、偶然的行为是不行的。换言之，如果他随时随地表现为礼让，或者，如果生活在某一区域或国家的人都表现为礼让，那末，你才能判定礼貌行为不是一种个人现象，而是一种社会文化现象。C 意为：各种美德仅表现在朋友关系中。这一点文章最后一段没提到。最后一段所举的朋友一词的例子旨在说明：在不同文化中，相同的概念未必有同一内涵或外延。D 意为：社会关系等于一系列复杂的文化习俗。根据该段第一句，二者是决定与被决定关系，并非等同关系。见上文分析。57.（C）意为；为自己的日常生活增添情趣。第二段指出，在美国历史的很长一段时期（即所谓拓荒时代），对许多地区来说，一个旅行者的到来是很受欢送的，因为它可以对平时单调的生活起一个调节（break）作用。离群索居的家庭共同的问题是日常生活的单调与寂寞，陌生人或旅行者的到来可以使他们暂时摆脱这种生活状况，另外。他们也可以因此获得外界信息。A 意为：改善艰辛的生活。根据上文分析可见，陌生人受欢送的原因主要是因为他们所带来的精神效应，而非物质生活效应。第三段提到，拓荒地区（frontier）的残酷现实也是形成美国人礼貌传统的原因。一个孤独的旅游者有问题自然求助于路边最近的居住点，这对旅游者来说不是一个选择问题（即：他别无选择），对就近的定居者来说，提供必要的帮助也不仅仅是出于怜悯（charitableimpulse）。这反映的是日常生活的严酷现实：如果定居者不接收并帮助他，就没有别人了，另外，有一天定居者本人也可能处于同一境地。B 意为：考虑到他们所做的长途跋涉。D 意为：出于怜悯。见上文分析。58.（B）意为：在美国得以广泛的保持。第二、三段探索了形成美国人友善好客传统的原因之后，第四段指出，虽然现在有许多专门的机构帮助旅行者，但是，友善好客的旧传统在美国仍根探蒂固，这突出表现在远离旅游热线的一些小城市中。本段最后一句指出，许多美国人随意表现出的友善不应该被看作是外表或虚假的应酬，而应该看作是一种历史文化现象。另外，文章最后一段指出，友善好客是倍受美国人珍视的美德，他们同样希望邻国人和其他外国人也表现出这一美德。A意为：经常是外表上的、虚假的。见上文分析。C 意为：总是能被正确理解。相反，第四段指出，许多外国人对美国人的一些友好表示感到不可思议（amazing），这反映了他们对美国历史文化传统的不理解。参阅第四段第三、四、五句。D 意为：与一些旅游热线有关。不对，见上文分析。翻译句子1、Strangers and travelers were wele sources of diversion, andbrought news of the outside world.参考译文 陌生人和旅游者是受欢送的消遣的，他们带来外部世界的新闻。结构剖析 句子的主干结构是 Strangers and travelers wereandbrought。阅读重点 注意 diversion 在这里的含义是解闷，取乐的事情，消遣，娱乐，而不是转移，转向的意思。2、The casual friendliness of many Americans should beinterpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, butas the result of a historically developed culturaltradition.参考译文 许多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应该被看成是浅薄的或虚假的，而应该被作为一种历史上开展而来的文化传统的结果来解释。结构剖析 这个句子的主干结构是 The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither asA nor Bbut as C，使用了被动语态。其中 neithernor 结构后用的是同样词性的成分：形容词 superficial 和 artificial。阅读重点 注意 neithernorbut 结构的使用：既不是也不是而是，重点在 but 之后。as the/a result of：作为的结果，由于而。3、As is true of anydeveloped society, in America a plex set of culturalsignals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all socialinterrelationships.参考译文 就如同在任何一个兴旺社会里一样，在美国，所有社会相互关系下面都隐含着一系列复杂的文化信号、假设和传统观念。结构剖析 句子的主干结构是 cultural signals, assumptions, and conventionsunderliesinterrelationships。阅读重点 注意 as 在这里是一个代词，表示这一情况，这一事实。可以参考以下的例句来理解 as 的用法：The night had turned cold, as is usualaround here. 夜晚变得很冷，在这一带经常如此。补充难句翻译1、There are, of course, exceptions. Small-mindedofficials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers arehardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made sofrequently that it deserves ment.参考译文 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的侍者，和没有礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见，这使得它值得被讨论一下。结构剖析第一个句子使用了 there be 句型，其中 of course 是插入语。第二句是主语+系动词+表语结构。第三句话中使用了 so that 结构：其中 made so frequently 是过去分词作定语，修饰前面的observation。阅读重点 第一句中的 of course 作插入语，用逗号与句子的其它局部分开，在开始阅读的时候可以不看。注意第二句话中使用了双重否认表示肯定：hardly unknown 等于 pretty well-known。另外注意 sothat 结构的用法：太以至于。另外observation 这里的意思是因观察而得出的意见。另外 itdeserves ment 中的 it 指代前面的 observation。2、Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, oftenhad nowhere to turn exce to the nearest cabin or settlement.参考译文 一个人单独旅行的时候，如果饿了，受伤了或生病了，除了最近的小屋或者村落就无处可以投靠了。结构剖析这是一个简单句。traveling alone 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的someone, if hungry, injured, or ill 实际上是简单的 if 引导的状语从句，相当于 if (he is) hungry, injured, or ill，这里作插入成分。另外 have sth.+动词不定式 这一结构中的动词不定式通常是相当于定语局部，修饰前面的 sth.，这里就是：没有可以投靠（to turn to/动词不定式）的地方（nowhere/sth.）。阅读重点 注意 turn to 这里的引申含义是投靠、求助于、求教于的意思。3、It was not a matter of choice for thetraveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of thesettlers.参考译文 对于旅行者来说，这不是一个可以有多个选择的问题，对于村落里的定居者来说，这也不仅仅是一个发善心的冲动行为。结构剖析 句子的主干 It was not a matter ofchoiceor merely a charitable impulse是主语+系动词+表语结构。表语由并列的两局部组成，由 or 来连接。阅读重点on the part of 相当于前面的 for，意思是在方面、对而言。语言点详解1. courteous 有礼貌的大纲词汇courtesy n.谦恭有礼，有礼貌的举止（或言词）衍生词汇 courteous a.谦恭有礼的，殷勤的经典例句His boss is genuinely courteous to his subordinates.2.to be fair 公平地说经典例句 To be fair，his suess owes much to hiswifes help.3. exception 特例大纲词汇 exceptionn.例外，除外 with the exception of 除之外经典例句 His brothers are all very tall，but he is anexception.4. small-minded 心胸狭窄的扩充词汇small-minded a.心胸狭隘的，眼界小的；固执己见的联想记忆 far-sighted a.有远见的 clear-headed a.头脑清楚的5. ill-mannered 无礼的扩充词汇 ill-mannereda.无礼的，举止粗鲁的6. be hardly known 几乎无人知道经典例句 The truth of the incident was hardly know toanyone.7. break 中止大纲词汇 break n.打断，中止；中间休息经典例句 We have a study break of four days everysemester.8. otherwise 不然大纲词汇 otherwise ad.另样地，用别的方法；在其他方面；conj.要不然，否那么经典例句 He reminded me what I should have otherwiseforgotten.9. existence 生活大纲词汇 existence n.存在，实在；生存，生活（方式）经典例句 They are working for a better existence.10. live distant from 住得离很远经典例句 He livesdistant from his other relatives.11. diversion 消遣大纲词汇 diversion n.转向，转移扩充词义diversion n.消遣，娱乐经典例句 Big cities have a lot of diversions.12.harsh 严酷的扩充词汇 harsh a.粗糙的，难听的，严厉的，严酷的 harshness n.粗糙，严酷，严厉经典例句 Their adaptiveness came from coping withharsh conditions.13. the frontier（美国）靠近未开发地区的已开发地区大纲词汇 frontier n.国境，边境；尖端，新领域14. hospitality 好客大纲词汇 hospitality n.好客，殷勤，款待衍生词汇hospitable a.好客的，殷勤的经典例句 We were deeply moved by the hospitality ofthe farmers.15. settlement 定居点大纲词汇settlement n.解决，决定，调停；居留区，住宅区经典例句 Israelis and Palestinians have seriousdisputes over Israeli new settlements.16. injured 受伤的大纲词汇 injure v.损害，伤害，损伤衍生词汇 injured a.受损害的，受伤的经典例句 Hefound his injured finger caused a lot of trouble.17.charitable 乐善好施的大纲词汇 charity n.慈善（团体），仁慈，施舍衍生词汇 charitable a.慈悲的，仁爱的，慷慨施舍的经典例句 He always takes part in charitableactivities.18. impulse 冲动大纲词汇 impulse v.推动； n.推动；冲动，刺激经典例句 She tried to repress the impulse to dial hisnumber.19. on the part of 就而言；在一边经典例句 He expressed appreciation on the part of hisclassmates.20. take in 收留大纲词汇 take in 承受，吸收；了解，理解；欺骗经典例句 Andy took in a stray dog.21. take care of 照料大纲词汇 take care of 照料，照顾；承当，处理，负责经典例句 He asked his girl friend to take care of his dogwhile he went away for business.22. specialize in 专门从事经典例句 The pany specialize in car manufacture.23. weary 疲倦的大纲词汇 weary a.疲倦的；令人厌烦的；v.使疲倦，使厌倦经典例句 The pilot was extremely weary with the longtime flying.24. travel through 经过经典例句 Iwas travelling through when I saw the aident.25.amazing 令人惊讶的大纲词汇 amaze v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹 amazing a.令人惊讶的经典例句 The acrobatic show was amazing toall of us.26. superficial 外表的大纲词汇 superficial a.外表的，浅薄的，浅薄的经典例句 We were not satisfied with the superficialexplanation of the incident.27. artificial 矫揉造作的大纲词汇 artificial a.人工的，人造的；认为的，矫揉造作的经典例句 She was wearing an artificial smilewhen appearing at the door.28. the result of 的结果大纲词汇 result n.结果，成果，成绩 v.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因而造成 as a result 结果，因此 as aresult of 由于的结果经典例句 We regard ourfailure as the result of his carelessness.29. a set of一套经典例句 We expect that a set of rules andregulations will be drawn up.30. convention 习俗大纲词汇 convention n.大会，会议；惯例，常规，习俗；公约，协定经典例句 Convention now permits women to wear morecolorful clothing.31. underlie 潜存于之下大纲词汇 underlying a.含蓄的，潜在的；在下面的衍生词汇 underlie v.引起，潜存于之下经典例句Many facts underlay my decision.32. interrelationship互相之间的关系构词方法 inter-前缀，表示互相，在之间联想记忆interact v.互相作用 interdependent a.互相依赖的33.draw conclusion 下结论经典例句 He drew the final conclusion through carefulanalysis.34. distinguish 分辨大纲词汇distinguish v.（from）区分，区分；识别出；使出色经典例句 It is very hard to distinguish the twocolors.35. keep up 保持大纲词汇 keep up 保持，维持；继续进行，坚持经典例句 The lady always keep up her genuine warmthto people.全文翻译去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来因暂时打破原本的单调生活而受人欢送。无聊、孤独是居住相对遥远的家庭的普遍问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢送，他们带来了娱乐消遣，还带来了外面世界的消息。开拓者的严酷生活现实也促成了这一好客的传统。单独旅行时，如果挨饿、受伤或生病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是一个选择的问题；而对当地居民来说，这也并非是行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷：如果你不收留他，那他便无处求助了。请记住，有一天你也可能处于相同的境遇。如今，有了很多的慈善组织专门帮助疲惫的旅行者。不过，热情接待陌生人的传统在美国仍然很盛行，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。我只是路过，和这个美国人聊了聊。很快，他就请我到他家吃饭-这真令人惊奇。来美国的旅客谈论此类事件很普遍，但并非总能得到正确理解。很多美国人不经意表现的友好不应被看做是外表或虚假的应酬，而应该看成是文化传统的历史开展结果。同任何兴旺国家一样，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了美国所有社会交往的根底。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。不能正确诠释文化含义的旅行者往往得出错误的结论。例如，美国人所说的朋友一词，其文化含义可能与旅行者语言和文化中的朋友大相径庭。要想正确区分礼貌是出于文化习俗还是个人兴趣，单凭一次公共汽车上的偶遇是不够的。不过，友好是很多美国人推崇的美德，同时希望邻居和陌生人也能如此。