Avian Influenza:The 2005 Canadian wild bird surveyADEDMay 16, 20061VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Backgroundn nPlanning initiated December 2005n nFederal and provincial agencies:n nWildlifeWildlifen nAgricultureAgriculturen nPublic HealthPublic Health2VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Goalsn nTo inventory influenza A viruses that occur in Canadian wild birdsn nTo characterize influenza A viruses isolated from Canadian wild birds n nTo survey Canadian wild bird populations for the presence of particular influenza A viruses n nTo establish an archive of influenza A virus strainsn nTo build and maintain integrated, multi-agency field, laboratory, regulatory and communications capacity 3VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Objectivesn nTo sample 6 populations of wild ducks in Canada in the summer and fall of 2005 n nTo characterize all influenza A viruses detected in these samples 4VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Material and Methodsn nCollection of samples n nScreening by PCRn nFurther characterization5VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Collection of samplesn nLead agency: Canadian Wildlife Service (Environment Canada) n nAlso Ducks Unlimited (BC) and Ontario Ministry Also Ducks Unlimited (BC) and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (ON) of Natural Resources (ON) n nPiggy backed onto other existing projectsn nBird bandingBird bandingn nCloacal swabs6VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Sample size and moren n800 birds to be sampled from each regionn n500 mallards500 mallardsn n300 other species300 other speciesn nLive, healthy young ducksn nFocus on detecting viruses not estimating Focus on detecting viruses not estimating prevalenceprevalence7VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Sampling locationsn n6 regions selected:n nBCBCn nAlbertaAlbertan nManitobaManitoban nOntarioOntarion nQuebecQuebecn nAtlantic CanadaAtlantic Canadan nMultiple sites within each regionn ntotal of 56 sitestotal of 56 sites8VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物9VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Primary labs n nAll cloacal swabs collected were submitted to a local All cloacal swabs collected were submitted to a local diagnostic lab:diagnostic lab:n nAnimal Health Centre - BC Ministry of Agriculture Animal Health Centre - BC Ministry of Agriculture (Abbotsford, BC)(Abbotsford, BC)n nAlberta Agricultures Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Alberta Agricultures Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Edmonton, AB)(Edmonton, AB)n nManitobas Veterinary Services Branch Ministry of Manitobas Veterinary Services Branch Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives (Winnipeg, MB)Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives (Winnipeg, MB)n nAnimal Health Laboratory University of Guelph (Guelph, Animal Health Laboratory University of Guelph (Guelph, ON)ON)n nQuebecs INSA Reseau des laboratories Ministere de Quebecs INSA Reseau des laboratories Ministere de lagriculture, des pecheries et de lalimentation (Montreal, lagriculture, des pecheries et de lalimentation (Montreal, QU) QU) n nAtlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Atlantic Veterinary College University of Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown, PE)Island (Charlottetown, PE)10VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Primary lab responsibilitiesn nRun matrix PCR on all cloacal swabs to screen each sample for influenza A virusesn nIs the virus present?Is the virus present? n nRun H5 and H7 PCR on all samples that tested positive by matrix PCRn nAre H5 or H7 virus subtypes present?Are H5 or H7 virus subtypes present?n nIsolate viruses from samples that tested positive by matrix PCRn nWhat virus subtypes are present in healthy ducks?What virus subtypes are present in healthy ducks? 11VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Secondary labs and their responsibilitiesn nNational Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD-CFIA) in Winnipeg. n nH and N typing H and N typing n nGenetic analysesGenetic analysesn nNational Microbiology Lab (NML-PHAC) in Winnipegn nGenetic analysesGenetic analysesn nNational archive of virusesNational archive of virusesWhat virus subtypes are present in healthy ducks? 12VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Results to daten nSampling completed as of December 2005n n4405 cloacal swabs collected4405 cloacal swabs collectedn nPCR testing (matrix and H5/H7) completen nDescriptive results high-lighted hereDescriptive results high-lighted heren nVirus isolation and further characterization is ongoing13VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物PCR ResultsProvinceProvinceValidValidsamplessamplesMatrix PCR Matrix PCR positivepositiveH5 PCR positiveH5 PCR positiveBritish ColumbiaBritish Columbia640640353 (55%)353 (55%)161 (25% of total, 46% of 161 (25% of total, 46% of positives)positives)AlbertaAlberta77977977 (10%)77 (10%)0 0 ManitobaManitoba52452494 (18%)94 (18%)4 (1% of total, 4% of positives) 4 (1% of total, 4% of positives) OntarioOntario769769340 (44%)340 (44%)9 (1% of total, 3% of positives)9 (1% of total, 3% of positives)QuebecQuebec781781382 (49%)382 (49%)28 (4% of total, 7% of 28 (4% of total, 7% of positives)positives)Maritime Maritime provincesprovinces702702318 (45%)318 (45%)6 (1% of total, 2% of positives)6 (1% of total, 2% of positives)NewfoundlandNewfoundland73738 (11%)8 (11%)0 0TotalTotal426842681572 (37%)1572 (37%)208 (5% of total, 13% of 208 (5% of total, 13% of positives)positives)All H5 Strains were low pathogenic and all were North American StrainsAll H5 Strains were low pathogenic and all were North American Strains14VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Proportion (number) of samples from each sample region 15%(640)18%(779)12%(524)18%(769)18%(781)16%(702)2% (73)15VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Proportion (number) of the total matrix PCR positive results by region 22%(353)5% (77)6% (94)24%(382)20%(318)1% (8)22%(340)16VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Proportion (number) of the total H5 PCR positive results by region 3% (6)13%(28)77%(161)4% (9)2% (4)17VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物18VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物19VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Sample collection dates83% of all samples were collected in August20VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物PCR results by monthTotal Total samplessamplesMatrix +Matrix +H5 +H5 +JulyJuly13813818 (13%)18 (13%)0 0AugustAugust353935391289 (37%)1289 (37%)175 (5%)175 (5%)SeptemberSeptember454454228 (50%)228 (50%)29 (6%)29 (6%)OctoberOctober595929 (49%)29 (49%)4 (7%)4 (7%)DecemberDecember73738 (11%)8 (11%)0 021VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Sample collection: weekly variation22VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Proportion positive by weekH5 PCRMatrix PCR23VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Species summary statsn n61% of samples from mallards (range from 12% in Newfoundland to 81% in BC)n nMallards more likely to test positive by matrix PCR than other species of ducks combined (p0.001) n n44% (1148/2600) of mallards tested positive and 44% (1148/2600) of mallards tested positive and 25% (424/1668) of other ducks tested positive25% (424/1668) of other ducks tested positiven n14 other species of ducks had at least 1 specimen test positive by matrix PCR24VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物25VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Agen n80% of birds sampled were hatched in 2005 n n41% of juvenile birds tested positive on matrix PCR compared with 23% of birds from other hatch years (p0.0001) Total Total sampledsampledMatrix Matrix PositivePositiveH5 PositiveH5 PositiveJuvenilesJuveniles340134011388 (41%)1388 (41%)205 (6%)205 (6%)Not Not juvenilesjuveniles867867184 (23%)184 (23%)3 (1%)3 (1%)26VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Sexn n55% of samples collected from males and 44% from female n n39% male birds tested positive for matrix PCR compared with 35% of females (p0.05).Total Total sampledsampledMatrix Matrix positivepositiveH5 PositiveH5 PositiveMaleMale23742374914 (39%)914 (39%)133 (6%)133 (6%)FemaleFemale18891889657 (35%)657 (35%)75 (4%)75 (4%)27VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物2005 Survey Collaborators2005 Survey CollaboratorsSample CollectionSample Collection: :A. BreaultA. BreaultP. PryorP. PryorD. CaswellD. CaswellN. NorthN. NorthC. DaviesC. DaviesJ. RodrigueJ. RodrigueK. McAloneyK. McAloneyJ. TurnerJ. TurnerH. WhitneyH. WhitneyC. FrancisC. FrancisL. HowesL. HowesVirology:Virology:J. PasickJ. PasickT. BoothT. BoothJ. RobinsonJ. RobinsonR. KingR. KingG. NayarG. NayarD. OjkicD. OjkicM. FortinM. FortinS. ElahiS. ElahiF. KibengeF. KibengeData Management:R. TemplemanK. BrownA. TemplemanJ. BrownProgram Management:P. ZimmerJ. ParmleyP. SockettP-Y. DaoustS. LairI. BarkerT. BollingerR. LewisS. RenwickP. BuckM. SwendrowskiAnd ALL their many co-workersAnd ALL their many co-workers28VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Discussion Points1.High proportion of test positive birds:n nResults here are based on initial PCR screeningResults here are based on initial PCR screeningn nMost other studies report findings based on viral Most other studies report findings based on viral isolatesisolatesn n26 years of data from Alberta revealed an 26 years of data from Alberta revealed an average of 22% positive: range 40% average of 22% positive: range 40% (Krauss et al 2004) (Krauss et al 2004) 29VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Discussion Points2.Variation by region:a.Matrix: why low virus recovery from prairie Matrix: why low virus recovery from prairie samples?samples?In Alberta most samples collected in August (82%), In Alberta most samples collected in August (82%), from mallards (49%) and from juveniles (80%) from mallards (49%) and from juveniles (80%) In Manitoba most samples were collected in August In Manitoba most samples were collected in August (99%), from mallards (62%) and from juveniles (58%)(99%), from mallards (62%) and from juveniles (58%)Cyclical temporal patterns identified from data Cyclical temporal patterns identified from data collected over 26 years from Albertacollected over 26 years from Alberta30VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Discussion Points2.Variation by region:b. H5: why high virus recovery from BC b. H5: why high virus recovery from BC samples?samples?n nSamples all from one geographic area (2 lakes Samples all from one geographic area (2 lakes near to each other)near to each other)n nH5 not a commonly isolated virus from wild H5 not a commonly isolated virus from wild birds (H3, H4, H6 most commonly detected)birds (H3, H4, H6 most commonly detected)H5 only accounted for 0.2% of isolated viruses H5 only accounted for 0.2% of isolated viruses (Krauss et all 2004)(Krauss et all 2004) n nPlan to sample the same area again in 2006 but Plan to sample the same area again in 2006 but will also sample additional birds from other will also sample additional birds from other sitessites31VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Discussion Points3.Proportion of test positive through the seasonn nUnexpected and variable weekly trendsUnexpected and variable weekly trendsn nSmall sample size in all months except AugustSmall sample size in all months except Augustn nOthers have shown that virus recovery declines through Others have shown that virus recovery declines through the seasonthe seasonn nThis has been attributed to increasing herd immunity as the This has been attributed to increasing herd immunity as the season progresses (season progresses (StallknectStallknect et al 1988) et al 1988)32VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物Discussion Points4.More mallards tested positive than other species but not in all regionsn nNo difference in Ontario: high proportion of wood ducks No difference in Ontario: high proportion of wood ducks in the sample and 68% of these tested positive in the sample and 68% of these tested positive n nNo difference in Newfoundland but small sample size No difference in Newfoundland but small sample size and few mallardsand few mallardsn nManitoba?Manitoba? n nDiving versus dabbling ducksDiving versus dabbling ducks33VancouverIslandAnimalSurveillanceforWestNileVirus温哥华岛西尼罗河病毒监测中心的动物