冀教版八年级上册英语语法知识点总结Simple Present Tense III *一般现在时态的否定和疑问形式否定和疑问形式都要借助do/does. I like my picture. - I don t like my picture.- Do you like your picture? -What do you like? She likes purple. - She doesn t like purple.-Does she like purple? - What does she like? The Present Perfect Tense. 1.构成 :助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词 ,即:have/has done, 现在以动词work 为例子将现在完成时态的肯定形式 , 否定形式和疑问形式及简略答语讲解一下 . 肯定形式 : I /You have worked. He/She/It has worked. We/You/They have worked. *否定形式 : I /You have not worked. He/She/It has not worked. We/You/They have not worked. 疑问形式及简略答语: Have I /you worked? Yes, you/I have. No, you/I have not. Has he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it has not. Have we/you /they worked? Yes, you/we/they have. No, you/we/they have not. 2. 基本用法 : A: 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成影响或结果. I have just washed my clothes. * 洗衣服是过去发生的动作, 对现在造成的结果是“ 衣服洗干净了 ” .B: 表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态, 常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在包括“ 现在 ” 在内的一段时间状语连用. We have learned English for two years. 3. 现在完成时常和already, yet, sometime, always, never, ever, before, just等词连用 , 也可以和包括现在在内的this morning, today, this week, this year 等时间状语连用. I have written 3 English e-mails today. 今天我已经写了三封英文电子邮件了. I have painted six new pictures this week. 这周我已经画了六幅新画. I have seen you before. 我以前见过你. 4. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别: 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页现在完成时态表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果, 强调的是现在的情况, 所以不能和表示过去的时间状语连用, 如 :yesterday, last year, two days ago, just now, in 2000等.而一般过去时态只表示过去的动作或状态, 和现在不发生关系, 要和表示过去的时间状语连用. 试比较 : I have read the book. 我已经读过这本书. I read the book last year. 我去年读了这本书(只说明去年读了这本书, 不涉及现在的情况.) He has worked here since 1998. 1998 年以来他一直在这里工作.(他现在还在这里工作) He worked here in 1998. 1998 年他在这里工作.(不涉及现在他是否在这里工作) She has been a teacher for twenty years. 她当老师20 年了 .(她现在还是老师) She was a teacher for twenty years. 她当了 20 年老师 .(不涉及现在是不是老师) 5. 动词过去分词的构成: *规则变化 : 和过去式变化规则相同A: 动词原形 +ed: played, wanted, worked B: 以不发音的e结尾的词加d: loved, liked, used C: 以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词 , 先变 y 加为 i, 再加 ed: studystudied, trytried, worry-worried D:末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词, 先双写这个辅音字母，再加 ed: stopped, planned, dropped, 不规则变化：需掌握规律, 逐一熟记 . :词形不变 : cut-cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, let-let-let B:过去式和过去分词相同: dig-dug-dug, feel-felt-felt C:过去式加n /en 构成过去分词 : speak-spoke-spoken, break-broke-broken choose-chose-chosen D: 动词原形中间元音字母i 改 a 变为过去式,i 改 u变为过去分词: begin-began-begun, drink-drank-drunk E:从原形变为过去分词: come-came-come, do-did-done, go-went-gone 反意疑问句 : 1.概念 : 反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见, 但没有把握 ,希望对方来证实. 2.构成 :反意疑问句由两部分构成, 前一部分是对事物的陈述, 后一部分是简短提问.如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分就用否定形式，如果前一部分用否定形式, 后一部分就用肯定形式. 两部分的人称和时态要一致. 3.语调 :反意疑问句陈述部分用降调, 提问者对陈述部分把握大时,后一部分用降调, 把握不大时 , 用升调 . 4.例句 : -The weather here in summer is very hot, isn t it?-Yes, it is. - You like swimming, don t you?- No, I don t.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页-He hasn t come back, has he?- No, he hasn t.5. 注意 : *前一部分主语是名词, 后一部分则相应的变为代词: Li Ming is a boy, isn t he?*前一部分谓语动词是实义动词, 则后一部分要相应使用助动词. Tom likes English, does he? *对反意疑问句的回答,不管怎么提问 , 如果事实是肯定的，就用 yes, 事实是否定的就用no, 这和汉语不同，要特别注意 . *前一部分是祈使句, 后一部分则用will you?/won t you?The Possessive Case of Nouns 1.单数名词 : 加s读音 :清辅音后读 /s/, 浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 例如 :Mike s dog, John s bike2. 以 s 为结尾的复数名词:加 读音 : 读音不变例如 : Teachers Day,the students reading room3. 不以 s 结尾的复数名词: 加s读音 :清辅音后读 /s/, 浊辅音后和元音后读 /z/ 例如 :Women s Daythe Children s Palacemen s room?注意事项 : A: 如果是两个人共有的东西, 则在后一个名词后加 s, 如果不是两个人共有的东西, 则在两个名词之后都加s:Lucy and Lily s roomLucy s and Lily s roomsB:表示住家，店铺时 , 名词所有格后面一般省略掉它所修饰的名词: at my uncle s=at my uncle s homeat the barber s=at the barber s shopC:有表示时间 ,距离 ,国家等的名词, 也可以加 s表示所有格 : today s evening paper 今天的晚报five minutes walk步行五分钟的路程China s agriculture 中国的农业Grammar5: positive sentences 肯定句negative sentences 否定句interrogative sentences 疑问句陈述句用来叙述一项事实, 分为肯定句和否定句. 肯定 /否定句I am a student in junior school. I am not a student in junior school. 谓语如果是be 变成否定要直接在其后面加not. I work in a middle school here. I don t work in a middle school.谓语如果是实意动词, 要加 dont/ doesn t/didn t He doesn t like English. (三单形式 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页疑问句分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句*一般疑问句一般由be/do/does/did 提问Are you an English teacher?Do you like English? Does she play basketball? 疑问语序?特殊疑问句一般由why, when, where, how 等特殊疑问词来引导Why do you like English? Where does she live? When will you begin? 疑问语序Grammar 6.*v-ing 构成1.一般直接加ing: work- working 2. 以不发音的e 为结尾的去掉e加 ing: skate- skating 3.以重读闭音节为结尾的, 双写最后一个字母再加ing: shop-shopping swim-swimming *v-ing 用法1.与 be 构成进行时态 , 做谓语 .The children are flying kites in the park. It was raining all day yesterday. 2. 与其他动词构成短语, 在句子中做主语,宾语 ,表语 , 定语 ,宾语补足语等Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. ( 主语 ) I like playing football very much. (宾语 )His hobby is collecting stamps.( 表语 ) China is a developing country. ( 定语 )I saw them walking across the street.( 宾语补足语 ) Grammar 7: Personal Pronouns 人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称you you you you 第三人称he him they them she her it it 用法 : 1.主格人称代词在句子中做主语. I/We/ You/They like playing football. This is a new book. It is very useful to students. 2.宾格人称代词在句子中做动词宾语或介词宾语. My mother gave me a present yesterday. It is very important for us to learn English well. Grammar 8: Possessive Pronouns 单数复数精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页类别第一人称第二人称第三人称第 一 人称第二人称第三人称形 容 词性 物 主代词my you his her its our your their 名 词 性物 主 代词mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 用法 : 1.形容词性的物主代词的用法相当于形容词, 在句子中只做定语. I love my parents. Her books are in the bag. 2.名词性物主代词相当于名词, 它后面不能跟名词, 它在句子中做主语, 宾语 , 表语 . His handwriting is good. Hers is better. My bike is broken. May I borrow yours? Grammar9 : Reflexive Pronouns 1.概念 : 表示一个动作返回到该动作执行者本身或强调某人或某物“ 本人 ,本身 ” 的代词叫作反身代词 . 2.反身代词形式形式第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myself yourself himself herself itself 复数ourselves yourselves themselves 3. 用法 : * 在句中做动词或介词的宾语Please help yourself to some tea, The girl is too young to look after herself. He never thought of himself. They teach themselves English. * 在句中做名词或代词的同位语, 用来加强名词或代词的语气, 做 “ 亲自 , 本人 ” 解,可以放在名词 ,代词之后 , 也可以放在句尾. You yourself said so. The desk itself is not heavy. We did it ourselves. =We ourselves did it. 做表语Tom is not quite himself today. Tom 今天感到不适 /舒服 . Grammar10 : Past Participles 过去分词就一种形式 :done 1.过去分词两个特点: * 在语态方面 :表达被动精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页The window was broken. *在时间方面 :表示动作已经完成Boiled water can be drunk. 2. 过去分词在句子可以充当多种成分: *做定语This is a diary written by Tom. *做表语The cup is broken. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页