动词的语气- 陈述语气、祈使语气与虚拟语气语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。一、语气的种类1、 陈述语气：表示说话人认为他说的话是事实They went to visit the Great Wall Yesterday. He likes chemistry. What a clever boy he is! 2、 祈使语气：表示说话人提出请求、命令、劝告、警告、号召等Don t leave today s work for tomorrow. Be more careful next time. Work hard and you will succeed. Be quick or you ll be late. 3、虚拟语气：表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。If I were you, I would study hard. I wish she had taken my advice. 试比较：I hope he comes to Beijing. (陈述语气 ) 我希望他能来北京。 （很可能来）I wish he came to Beijing. (虚拟语气 ) 我真希望他能来北京。 （不可能来，只是表示愿望）I suggest he come to Beijing. (虚拟语气 ) 我建议他来北京。 （可能来也可能不来，只表示建议）If I am a president, I will make all the people rich.（陈述语气，可能是候选人说）If I were a president, I would make all the people rich.（虚拟语气，可能是小学生说）If I win the race, I will buy a car. （陈述语气，得过第一名的人说）If I won the race, I would buy a car. （虚拟语气，最后一名说）在陈述语气中， 主、从句时间一般要取得一致；而在虚拟语气中，主、从句时间经常不一致，不互相制约，因为表示愿望、假设等。如：If it rains tomorrow, I will not go out. （时间一致，都表示将来）如果明天下雨，我就不出门了。If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.（时间不一致， 主句表示现在， 从句表示过去）如果昨晚下雨的话，现在地上就会是湿的。二、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法1、虚拟语气在if 条件句中的使用。 （表示根本不存在的情况或实现可能性很小的假设）1） 表示与现在事实相反的情况if 条件句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式动词过去式（be用were）would / should / could / might +动词原形If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim. （would 用于各种人称）如果天气好，他们就去游泳了。（事实天气不好）If we had time now, we should/ would read it again. （should 主要用于第一人称）要是现在我们有空，我们就把它再看一遍。（事实我们现在没空）If I were rich, I would buy that car. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页If I had a car , I should be very happy. If you took his advice, you might be well soon. (might 表示“或许” 、 “可能”之意) 2）表示与过去事实相反的情况if 条件句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式had + 过去分词would / should / could / might + have + 过去分词If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake. 如果我听了他的忠告，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实上当初我没有听他的忠告）He wouldn t have been able to write such a good novel if he hadn t lived among the workers for so many years. 假如他不是和工人一起生活这么多年，他不可能写出这样好的小说。 （事实上当时他和工人生活在一起了）If I had known her telephone number, I could have called her. （could 表示“能够” ）If you had told him that thing yesterday, he might have made some suggestions. If I had had enough money, I should have bought that car. If he had hurried, he could have caught the train. 3) 表示与将来事实相反的情况if 条件句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式1、 动词过去式（be用were）2、should + 动词原形3、were to + 动词原形would / should / could / might + 动词原形If she should come, I would ask her for help. (“ should+ 动词原形 ” 表示对将来的极大怀疑，意思是“万一”，表示可能性极小。)万一她来的话，我就请她帮忙。（事实上她来的可能性很小）If you should drop the glass, it would break. 杯子摔下来会打碎的。 （事实上杯子没有摔下来）If I were to go to abroad, I would go to America. If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost. 注意 如果说话人认为if 条件句所表示的是事实（客观存在的情况或实现性很大的假设） ，全句就可以用陈述句语气。If you do it once more, you will do it better. 如果你再做一遍，你就会做得更好。（事实上完全可以再做一遍）4)混合虚拟语气有时从句和主句分别表示发生在不同时间的动作或状态，这时，动词的形式根据它所表示的时间加以调整。If he had followed the doctor s advice, he would be quite all right now. 他当时若是听从医生的话，现在就会痊愈了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）If you were to master English, you should have worked hard. 如果你要掌握英语，你本来应该下苦功的。（从句说明将来，主句说明过去）You could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lesson last night. 如果你昨晚复习功课，现在你就能回答大部分问题。If he had died in the accident, he couldn t stand in front of you now. 如果他在那次事故中死去，他现在就不会站在你面前了。5） 在 if 虚拟条件句句中， 如果从句中含有should, had 或 were， 可以省去if， 把 should, had 或 were 移到主语之前。Should it happen (=If it should happen), what would you do? 如果真发生这样的事，你怎么办呢？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页Were I you (=If I were you), I would go. 如果我是你，我就去。Had he recognized me (= If he had recognized me), he would have come over. 如果他认出了我，早就走过来了。Were I to go home (=If I were to go home), I would do a lot of homework. Had he hurried (=If he had hurried), he couldn t have been late for school. Should he fail(=If he should fail), he would leave school. I would have called you had I known your telephone number (=If I had known your telephone number) . 6) If it were not for + 短语 . 和 If it had not been for + 短语 .也是一种条件虚拟语气从句，意思是“如果不是”。If it were not for the guidance of the Party Committee, we should fail. 如果不是党委的指导，我们会失败的。（现在情况）If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much progress. 如果不是老师的帮助，我们就不会取得这么大的进步。（已发生的情况）2、 if only .与 only if . 1) if only 作“只要”讲，引出真实条件句，谓语动词用陈述语气。If only you work hard, you ll learn English well. If only it clear up, we ll go for a picnic. 2) if only 作“如果就好了” “要是就好了”讲，引出虚拟条件句，用来表示强烈的愿望或遗憾，谓语动词用虚拟语气。通常省略主句。If only she had known where to find you! If only I could speak several foreign languages! If only I were you! If only I were a bird! If only you had known about it! If only the alarm clock had rung! If only I hadn t lost it! 要是没丢掉它就好了！注意 谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望。谓语动词用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。3）only if 表示“只有在情况下才能”， “只有在条件下才能”。谓语动词用陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 注意 only if 从句如果放在主句前，则主句用倒装语序。Only if my teacher helps me can I succeed. 三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法1、 在动词一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange） ；两个命令（order, command） ； 四个建议 （suggest, advise, propose, recommend） ； 五个要求 （ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的宾语从句，谓语动词要用“（should）+ 动词原形”。She insisted that we (should) help her. He urged that we (should) leave. Tom ordered that all the people (should) go to the front. We suggest that the meeting (should) be put off. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页The chairman proposed that we (should) not discuss the question. I asked that he (should) come to my office. The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised. I required that the work be done tomorrow. 注意 suggest作“表明、暗示” “认为”讲时，从句不用虚拟语气。Mr. Smith s oral English suggests that he is from Canada. Tom came home quickly, which suggested that she has passed the final exam. Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job. （认为）I suggest that he is lying. insist 作“坚持认为、坚持说”讲时，后面跟一种事实或客观情况，从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted that he had seen the film. (坚持认为 ) The young man insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be set free. 表示此类动词相关内容的从句（如主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句），也使用“ （ should）+ 动词原形”。It was suggested that we (should) put the match off. His suggestion was that we (should) put the match off. It is requested that Mr. Li (should) give a performance at the party. 2、 动词 wish 后的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。其结构如下：主语 +过去式（表示与现在事实相反）主语 +wish+(that) + 主语+过去完成式或could have done （表示与过去事实相反）主语 +could / would /might+ 动词原形（表示将来不太可能实现的愿望）I wish I were as strong as you. I wish I had never met him before. I wish I could help him. I wished that I had known that earlier. I wish now that I had known that yesterday I wish I could have gone to the movies with you last night. I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 3、would rather/had rather/ would sooner( 宁愿 )+从句时，从句须用虚拟语气。表示现在和将来，用一般过去时I d rather you came tomorrow. 表示过去，用过去完成时。I d rather I hadn t done that. 4、在“ I am surprised /sorry + that 从句”和“ I regret + that 从句”时，从句谓语动词要用 should，其中 should 不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。须用虚拟语气。I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you. 四、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法1、在“ It is + adj. /n. + that 从句”中， that 从句常常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。这些形容词或名词有：strange, surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, important, necessary, essential, natural, natural, possible, probable, ridiculous, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, insistent, better, funny, pitiful, eager( 热切的 )，anxious（急切的），unthinkable(不可想象的 ) ， a pity, a shame, a thousand pities，no wonder, no right 等。It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。It is necessary we (should) read English should every morning. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页It is important that the program (should) be loaded into computer. 把程序输入计算机非常重要注意 在“ It is strange (surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities) that 从句”等结构后的that 从句谓语动词要用should，其中 should 不可省略，意思是“竟然” ，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。It is quite wrong that the children should be given so much homework to do. It is a pity that Henry should be so careless. It is a shame that he should have done such a thing. 2、在 It is + 过去分词+ that 从句”中， that 从句须用“(should)+ 动词原形”。这些过去分词有：一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange ） ；两个命令（ order, command） ；四个建议（ suggest, advise, propose, recommend） ；五个要求（ ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的过去分词。It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark. It was proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting. It was arranged that the party should be conducted in English. 五、虚拟语气在表语从句中和同位语从句中的用法1、在 insistence, order, command, advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand , desire, requirement, request, motion, plan, idea, decision等词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should)+ 动词原形”。The demand is that we (should) work hard. （表语从句）The order is that the troops (should) withdraw at once. （表语从句）The requirement is that we (should) keep the rules. （表语从句）He gave me a suggestion that I (should) leave Chengdu for shanghai at once.（同位语从句）The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. （同位语从句）He made the request that the problem should be settled at once （同位语从句）2、as if / as though 引导的表语从句或方式状语从句所表达的内容如果与事实情况相反或发生的可能性不大，则从句中需使用虚拟语气。如从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时如从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时如从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，谓语动词用would/ might/ could + 动词原形She looks as though she were sick. （表语从句）It looks as if it might rain. （表语从句）He looks as if he had just met a ghost. （表语从句）It seems as if it were winter already. （表语从句）He talks as if he knew all about it. (方式状语从句 ) She acts as though she were an expert. (方式状语从句 ) He remained calm as if nothing had happened.(方式状语从句 )He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself.(方式状语从句 )She looks after him as if he were her own child.(方式状语从句 )但 as if / as though 后面的从句有时也可以用陈述语气，表示从句中的情况往往是可能发生的。It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks as if our side is going to win. He walks as if he is drunk. (= He is probably drunk) （真实情况）He walks as if he were drunk. ( but he is not drunk) （虚拟语气）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页五、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法1、so that 和 in order that 引导状语从句时谓语动词要用“ can/could/may/might/will/would 等+ 动词原形”。Ask her to hurry up with the letters so that I can sign them. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. I have come all the way here in order that you should understand me. 2、in case, for fear that 和 lest 引导的目的从句中谓语动词要用“(should) +动词原形”。She took her raincoat with her in case / for fear that / lest she (should) be caught in the rain. 她带了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。Remind me in case I (should) forget. We rushed out of the house lest it should collapse. Be quiet please in case you should wake the baby. He handled the computer carefully for fear that it should be damaged. 注意 in case 后也可用陈述语气（即一般现在时或一般过去时）。You d better take an umbrella in case it rains. 3、even if / even though 引导的 .让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气。Even if he had much money now, he can t save his wife s life. 六、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法在“ It is (high, about) time (that) 从句”中从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should+动词原形” 。其中 should 不能省略。It is high time that we were off. It is time that we went to bed. It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself. It is about time we should go to bed. 七、用在由某些介词短语，连词，副词或上下文引起的含蓄条件句的主句中有时假设的情况并不以条件句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词， 副词或上下文表现出来。这样的词常见的有：with, without, but for （要不是），but, in, under, or, or else, otherwise, in case of, what if, but that-clause 等。But for your help we couldn t have succeed. 要不是你的帮助，我们是不会成功的。They wouldn t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground. 没有共同立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。She wasn t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn t have left the meeting so early. 她感到不舒服，不然她不会那么早离开会场的。I would do so in your place. 假如我处于你的位子，我会那样做的。With better equipment, we could have done it better. But for her guidance, we should fail. （同现在事实相反）But for her guidance, we should have failed. （同过去事实相反）I would have lost my head in that position. But that you had helped me, I would not have succeeded. Under the leadership of a less experienced person, the experiment would have failed. 注意 分词短语，动词不定式，名词+and, 独立主格结构等都可以表示条件。United, they wouldn t have been defeated. (分词 ) Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. (分词 ) It would be only partly right to answer in this way. (动词不定式 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页One step further and you would be head. (名词 +and) All things considered, the price would be reasonable. (独立主格结构) 十一、虚拟语气常用于某些祝愿的句子中。Long live the people! 人民万岁！God bless you. 愿上帝保佑你。God save me. May you succeed! 祝你成功！May you be happy. 虚拟语气练习题1.Mike s father, as well as his mother, insisted that he _ home. A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay 2.Mr. Smith insisted that he _ the work all by himself, but nobody believed him. A. had done B. have done C. did D. so 3.Jane would never have gone to the party_ that Mary would come to see her. A. has she known B. had she known C. if she know D. if she has known 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 10 页4.If you had enough money, what_? A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought 5.If you _ that late film last night, you wouldn t be so sleepy. A. didn t see B. haven t seen C. wouldn t have seen D. hadn t seen 6.Our monitor requested that _. A.all the class studied more carefully the problem B.the problem was more carefully studied C.with great care the problem could be studied D.all the class study the problem more carefully 7.“ Would you have called her up had it been possible?”“ Yes, but I _busy doing my homework. ”A. was B. were C. had been D. would be 8.His tired face suggested that he _ really tired after the long walk. A. had been B. was C. be D. should be 9.It is important that we _. A.shall close the window before we leave B.will close the window before we leave C.must close the window before we leave D.close the window before we leave 10. I didn t know his telephone number, otherwise I _ him. A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone 11. How I wish I _ that to him last night! A. didn t say B. hadn t said C. wouldn t say D. couldn t say 12. “ Why didn t you buy the book? ”“ I _, but mother _ allow me. ”A. would, didn t B. would have, didn t C. had had, wouldn t D. had bought, hadn t 13. _I would go there myself. A. Were I you B. I were you C. If I had been you D. Had I been you 14. “ Do you mind if I leave the window open? ”“ Well, I d rather you _ ”A. don t B. didn t C. won t D. mustn t 15. It s time that you_ the whole book. A. must go over B. can go over C. went over D. have gone over 16. If only my grandpa _ this together with us now! A. had seen B. could see C. must see D. should see 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 10 页17. Our chairman hasn t come yet. If he _ on time, we would have to put off the meeting. A. should come B. would come C. shouldn t come D. doesn t come 18. But for Mr. Dong, we _ such a happy life now. A. wouldn t be living B. won t be living C. couldn t live D. are not able to 19. If there were no homework to do, we should have _. A. much happier time B. a much happier time C. a more happier time D. much happy time 20. His new job required that he _ at the office before 7:00. A. be B. was C. is D. would be 21. He remained very calm, otherwise he _. A. would be found out B. would have be found out C. would find out D. would have found out 22. _ today, he would get to Beijing in three days. A. If he was leaving B. Were he to leave C. If he leaves D. If he is leaving 23. If Della hadn t sold her hair, she _ the gold watch chain for Jim. A. wouldn t buy B. would have bought C. shouldn t have bought D. couldn t have bought 24. If your uncle _ fixing the radio, he would have brought it back to you. A. was able to finish B. could finish C. had been able to finish D. would be able to finish 25. “ I m going to Paris for my holidays. ”“I _ a good time. ”A. hope you enjoy B. wish you will have C. hope you will have D. wish you would have 26. I wish I _busy yesterday and _ with the recorder. A. wasn t, could finish B. hadn t been, could finish C. hadn t been, could have finished D. wasn t, could have finished 27. He insisted that he _ really very tired and that he _ to have a rest. A. was, be allowed B. was, must be allowed C. should be, must be allowed D. should be, be allowed 28. I should very much like_ but you didn t invited me. A. to go to the party B. to have gone to the party C. going to the party D. having gone to the party 29. I _ have gone with them, but I _ not finish my homework in time. A. should, could B. should, would C. might, could D. could, might 30. His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try 31. I would pay you if I _. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 10 页A. can B. could C. may D. would 32. Without your help, we _ such rapid progress. A. couldn t make B. wouldn t make C. will not have made D. wouldn t have made 33. It is strange that he _ you this. A. would tell B. should tell C. has told D. had told 34. “ Did you go with them? ”“ No, I was very busy, but I would have gone if I _.”A. had been B. hadn t C. wasn t D. was 35. How I wish I _ that! Everybody present was angry with me. A. didn t do B. hadn t done C. wouldn t do D. wasn t doing 36. What would you do if you _ to meet with had weather? A. were B. are going C. have D. are 37. I m glad we had a map. I m sure we _ if we _ one. A.would have got lost, hadn t had B.would get lost, hadn t C.couldn t have lost, had had D.may get lost, don t have 38. I would have come earlier but I _ that you were waiting. A. wouldn t know B. hadn t known C. didn t know D. haven t know 39. He _ there, lost in thought, as if he _ for ever his power of judgement. A. sat, had lost B. was sitting, lost C. was sitting, had lost D. had done, be 40. He insisted that he _ his best and _ rewarded. A. had done, must be B. did, must be C. do, should be D. had done, be 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 10 页