Reading SkillsmillymenuSkimmingScanningScanning&PredictingPreviewingIdentifythewriterspurposeReadforthekeyideaMajordetailsReadbetweenlinesDistinguishFacts&OpinionsMakingInferencesUnderstandingfigurativelanguageIdiomaticexpressionsGuessingwordmeaningDenotation&ConnotationK ExerciseK Skimming I. Skimming1. What is skimming?Reading SkillsReadquicklytoidentifythemainideaofapassage.Skimmingisusedwhenyouwanttoseeifanarticlemaybeofyourinterest.2. When to skim?getthegeneralideaofapassage.3. How to skim?a.Readonlyselectedsentences.b.Readthefirstandlastparagraphsofatext.d.Usetextualcluessuchas:italicizedorunderlinedwords,headlinesorsubtitles,spacingandparagraphing.c.Readthefirstandlastsentencesofaparagraph.Reading SkillsII. Further Study1. Summary of 4 kinds of readingReading Skills Skimmingrunningtheeyesoverquicklytogetthegistofareadingmaterial Scanninglookingforaparticularpieceofinformationofareadingmaterial Extensive readinglongertextsforpleasureandneedingglobalunderstanding Intensive readingshortertexts,extractingspecificinformation,accuratereadingfordetail.2. Exercise: How would you read the following? a.The“WhatsOn”sectionofthelocalpaper:b.Atextinclass:c.Anewspaper:Scanning.Intensive.Skimming,Scanningforspecificinformation,Intensive.d.Atravelbrochure:Skimmingforinterest,Scanningforaparticularresort,Intensivefordetail.Reading Skillse.Apostcard:Intensive.f.Apoem:Extensive.g.Atraintimetable:Scanning.h.Arecipe:Intensive.i.Anovel:Extensive(orIntensiveforrevision,perhaps).Reading Skills Skimming Skimming Practice When you skim, you read only selected sentences quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. I n skimming, you should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. The key step is to decide what information you want to know , and then try to skim for it.Reading SkillsI. Skimming + Exercises+ ScanningI. ScanningScanningisareadingskillusedtolocatekeyorspecificinformationquickly,e.g.dates,numbers,examples&definitions.Reading Skills1. What is scanning?2. When to scan?Scanningisused,forexample,whenyouwanttolookupawordinadictionaryoranumberinatelephonedirectory.firstfindaresourcetodeterminewhetheritwillansweryourquestions.Reading Skills3. How to scan?highlightedwords,e.g.wordsinboldor italic.numbers,e.g.datesandstatistics.wordssuchas“first”,“second”,or“additionally”orwordsthatarerepeated.definitions.examples,includingdiagrams.LookforReading SkillsII. ExercisesScanthefollowingparagraphsandanswereachquestion.Youhaveatimelimitof60secondsforeachquestion.Reading SkillsInordertodevelopeffectivelearningskills,itisnecessarytounderstandmoreabouthowthememoryisstructured,inparticulartheroleofshort-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.Short-termmemoryisthepartknownastheconsciousmindandisusedforpayingattention.Long-termmemoryiswhereinformationisstored.Therearemanythingsthatcomeintotheshort-termmemoryandarenottransferredtothelong-termmemory.Infactthebrainisdesignedtoforgetbetween50and75percentoftheinformationthatisnott r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e l o n g -termmemorywithin24hours.Question:Whatpercentageofinformationisforgotteninshorttermmemoryifitisnottransferredtolongtermmemory?Long and short term memoryReading SkillsSchemasEverythingweunderstandandexperienceistranslatedintoschemasinourlongtermmemory.Aschemaisacollectionofassociatedpiecesofinformation.Eachindividualhasauniquecollectionofschemasintheirmemory.Theseapplytoanythingthatissignificantinapersonslife,forexample,city,suburb,familyorwork.Aschemaisperhapsbestunderstoodasalooselyconnectedwebof i deasbasedonstoredmemoriesthatcanbeactivatedbylanguageorsensoryprompts.Individualschemasoverlapw i t h , o r a r e h o o k e d i n t ootherschemas.Question:Whatisthedefinitionofaschema? ScanningReading SkillsScanning is to read quickly in order to locate and find a piece of information w i t h o u t r e a d i n gin any detail. Here are some ways to scan. 1.Lookatthetitle.2.Lookforthesubtitles(小标题).3.Lookatpictures,charts,ordrawingsifthereareany.4.Lookatthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph.Reading SkillsIn this unit, were going to learn the scanning steps. The steps involved in scanning are the following:1.Decideexactlywhatinformationyouarelookingforandthinkabouttheformitmaytake.2.Next,decidewhereyouneedtoread.3.Moveyoureyesasquicklyaspossibledownthepageuntilyoufindtheinformation.4.Whenyoufindwhatyouneed,donotreadfurther._ Scanning_ ExercisesI. What is Scanning?Reading SkillsScanningistolocateaspecificitemofinformationortotellwherewecangetthatinformation.Scanningisparticularlyusefulinreadingnewspapersoradvertisements.Itisalsopossibletousethisreadingskilltofindsomeparticularinformationinanykindofreadingmaterials.1.Decidewhatinformationyouarelookingfor,andthinkabouttheformitmaytake.2.Next,thinkaboutwhereyouwouldbelikelytogettheinformationandmoveyoureyesquickly.3.Stopreadingwhenyouhavegottherightinformation.Steps to scan:Reading Skills 1.HowmanyChinesepeoplefinditdifficulttofallasleep?Lyinginbedcountingsheepisnotasolutiontofallingasleep,especiallyforpeopleengagedincontinualmentallabor.Thefearofnotbeingabletofallasleepbringsanxietyandinsomnia,explainedtheexperts.Arecentnationalsurveyamong10,455Chinesepeopleshowed27.3%ofthesubjectsadmittedtheyhavesleepingproblems.Reading SkillsII. Exercises2.Whatkindofmusiccanaudienceenjoyatthefestival?The2004MidiModernMusicFestivalwilltakeplaceonOct.1to4atBeijingInternationalSculpturePark.Audiencecanwatch45bandsplayingvariousmusicstylesincludingrock,folk,blues,hip-hopandjazz.Sponsoredin2000,itwasatfirstashowcaseforstudentsofthemusicschool.Nowthefestivalhasexpandedintoanoutdoorfestivalforyoungandlittle-knownbandstoperformtheiruniquestyle.Reading Skills Scanning and PredictingI. Scanning and PredictingReading SkillsScanningatextmeansreadingthroughthetextquicklyinordertofindapieceofinformationthatyouwantortogetageneralideaofwhatthetextcontains.Reading SkillsWhere to scan?Usually,weshouldverycarefullyreadthetitle,thesubtitles,thefirstsentenceofaparagraphtogetenoughinformationforourthinking.What will this reading skill benefit you?Itcanhelpushaveagoodideawhereinthereadingpassagetolookforanswerstothespecificquestions. Prediction Decide Your ChoiceI. PredictionReading SkillsPredictingisusingthetexttoguesswhatwillhappennext.Thenreadersconfirmorrejecttheirpredictionastheyread.Predictingisareadingstrategyusedbeforeandduringreading.AtechniquetoapplytothisreadingstrategyistousetheThink-Pair-Sharemethod.TakePassageAofUnit10asanexample.II. Decide Your ChoiceReading SkillsLookingatthetitleofthepassageReports on Britain Under the Bombs,Wemayask:a.WhenwasBritainbombed?Why?b.WhatdidEnglishpeopledoforfun?c.Wasthereportinteresting?Afterreadingthefirstthreeparagraphs,youllknow:InthemiddleofAugust,NazibombsstartedtofallalongEnglandsChannelCoasts.Thenyougoonreading.Whenyouread“AirMarshalGoeringsbomberpilotsweresureoftheirultimatetriumphoverEngland.”youmayraiseanotherquestion:a.HowbomberpilotsbombedEngland?b.Whowonatlast?c.WhowasMarshalGoering?Reading SkillsReading SkillsAfterreadingparagraph6,youmayagainask:a.WhathardshipsdidLondonsuffer?b.WhydidMarshalGoeringboast?Youkeepaskingquestionsandconfirmyourpredictionsasyoukeepreadingon.Whenyoufinishthearticle,youwillhaveallthequestionsanswered. Predicting the Writers IdeasMakingpredictionswhileyoureadkeepsyourmindalert;itsawaytodouble-checkyourcomprehensionofwhatyouvereadsofar,anditcanbeagreataidtounderstandingwhatcomesnext.Wecanpredictthewritersideasfromtitles,subtitles,sentences,orparagraphs.PracticeReading SkillsPredicting the Writers IdeasTakealookatthetitleofTextA,andpredictwhatinformationthepassagemightgive.Reading SkillsTitle Predicting 1 Choose to Be Alone on PurposeChoose to Be Alone on Purpose1.Reasonswhysomepeoplechoosetobealoneonpurpose.2.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofbeingaloneonpurpose.3.Negativesocialinfluenceofsomepeoplechoosingtobealoneonpurpose.4.Positiveresultsofsomepeoplechoosingtobealoneonpurpose.Reading SkillsTipsTakealookatthetitleofTextB,andpredictwhatinformationthepassagemightgive.Reading SkillsTitle Predicting 2 Roommate ConflictsRoommate Conflicts1.Whatroommateconflictsmayappear.2.Negativeinfluenceofroommateconflicts.3.Reasonsforroommateconflicts.4.Howroommatessolvetheirconflicts.5.Whatschoolsdotosolvetheproblemofroommateconflicts.6.Doesconflictresolutionwork?Reading SkillsTipsReadthefollowingtwoparagraphsandchoosetheanswertotheprediction.Reading SkillsParagraph Predicting 1 Assupplierofmostofthefoodweeatandofrawmaterialsformanyindustrialprocesses,agricultureisclearlyanimportantareaoftheeconomy.Buttheindustrialperformanceofagricultureisevenmoreimportantthanthis.Forinnationswheretheproductivityoffarmersislow,mostoftheworkingpopulationisneededtoraisefoodandfewpeopleareavailableforproductionofinvestmentgoodsorforotheractivitiesrequiredforeconomicgrowth.Indeed,oneofthefactorsrelatedmostcloselytotheper capital income (人均收入)ofanationisthefractionofitspopulationengagedinfarming.Inthepoorest(Tobecontinued)Reading SkillsReading Skillsnationsoftheworldmorethanhalfofthepopulationlivesonfarms.Thiscomparessharplywithlessthan10percentinWesternEuropeandl ess t h an 4 p er c en t i n t h e U n i t edStates.Inshort,thecourseofeconomicdevelopmentingeneraldependsinafundamentalwayontheperformanceoffarmers.Thisperformanceinturn,dependsonhowagricultureisorganizedandontheeconomicenvironment,ormarketstructure,withinwhichitfunction.InthefollowingpagestheperformanceofAmericanagricultureisexamined.Itisappropriatetobeginwithaconversationofitsmarketstructure.QuestionQuestionReading SkillsThispassagewillmostprobablybefollowedbyadiscussionof_.A)thestructureofAmericanfarmingpopulationB)themarketstructureofAmericanagricultureC)thevariousfunctionsofAmericanagricultureD)theorganizationofAmericanagricultureKey: BReading SkillsParagraph Predicting 2 ReadTextBandpredictwhatmightfollowinthenextparagraphorparts.Thereareafewpredictionsinsertedinthepassageandcheckthem. Paragraph1 Paragraph3 Paragraphs4-6 Paragraph7Paragraph2Paragraphs4-6Paragraph7Paragraphs8-9Prediction 1 Reading SkillsAfterreadingthetitleandthefirstparagraph,youfindthatSarahwasincompatiblewithherroommate.Youcanmakepredictionsthatthefollowingparagraphmightbeabout:Paragraph1Paragraph2Key: AA)howSarahfoundawayoutofhermiserablesituationB)howSarahtriedtoimproveherrelationwithherroommateC)whatSarahdidtopunishherroommatePrediction 2Reading SkillsAfterreadingparagraph3,youknowthatroommateconflictsarecommonincollegedormitories.Fromthis,youcanpredictthatthefollowingpartsmightbeabout:Paragraph3Paragraphs4-6Key: CA)whatschoolsdotosolvetheproblemofroommateconflictsB)howtoavoidroommateconflictsC)thereasonsforroommateconflictsPrediction 3Reading SkillsFromparagraphs4-6,youlearnthenegativeimpactsofroommateconflictsandthereasonsforroommateconflicts.Inthenextparagraph,youmightread:Paragraphs4-6Paragraph7Key: BA)studentsaretryingtosolvetheconflictsbythemselvesB)assmallconflictsmightleadtoseriousviolenceifnotattendedtointime,schoolsaretakingnecessarymeasuresnowC)schoolsarenottakingroommateconflictsseriouslyPrediction 4Reading SkillsFromparagraph7,youlearnschoolshavestartedconflictresolutionprogramstocalmtensions.Inthenextparagraph,youmightread:Paragraph7Paragraphs8-9Key: CA)conflictresolutionprogramsyieldverygoodresultsB)conflictresolutionprogramsdonotworkC)conflictresolutionprogramshavemetnewproblems& PreviewingReading SkillsInordertoreadforinformation,youcanalsoPREVIEWthatis,lookaheadtothecontentofapassageinanumberofways.The ways to preview a reading selection:Reading SkillsVery likely the title and the first paragraph can give the main idea of the selection.Lookatthetitle.Readthefirstparagraphcarefully.Other textual clues can help to get the main idea :ItalicizedorunderlinedwordsHeadlinesorsubtitlesSpacingParagraphingReading SkillsReading SkillsForexample,whenyouseethetitle“CollegeSuccessMadeEasy”,thinkaboutitandpredictwhatthepassageisabout.A.Waystomakecollegesuccesseasy.B.Goodcomputersoftwareforcollegelearning.C.Selectingcollegeteachersoryourmajors.D.Relyingonmodernizedlibraryservice.& Identifying the Writers Purpose& Exercises Reading SkillsI. Identifying the Writers PurposeReadingeffectivelymeansrecognizingthewriterspurposes.Threecommonpurposesofwritingare:toinformtopersuadetoentertainReading SkillstoinformtopersuadetoentertainThree common purposes of writingtoprovidereaderswithinformationaboutatopictoconvincereaderstobelieveacertainviewpointortotakeacertaincourseofactiontoamusereadersinsomeway,thoughveryoftenthereissomefoodforthoughtaswellReading SkillsHow to identify the writers purposes?Aninformationaltextusesfacts,details,examples,statistics,andquotesfromauthoritiestoconveyinformationaboutasubjectandexplainittothereadersothatheorsheunderstandsitmorethoroughly.Informationalwritingcanbefoundinnewspaperarticles,how-tomanuals,shortreports,etc.Howtoidentifyinformationalwriting?Reading SkillsAnpersuasivetextusesevidencetosupportyourviewpoint.Rhetoricalquestions,evaluatinglanguageorjudgmentallanguagearefrequentlyusedinthewritingprocess.Persuasivewritingisfrequentlyusedindebates.Howtoidentifypersuasivewriting?Reading SkillsAnentertainingtextusesratherinformallanguage,simplesentencestructures,dialogues,punsorfiguresofspeech.Popularliteraturetextssuchascartoons,comics,songlyrics,TVsoapsandjokesaremainlywrittentoentertain.Howtoidentifyentertainingwriting? Identifying the Writers Purpose Clues to Identify the Kind of Writing ExercisesI. Identifying the Writers PurposeWriterswriteforapurpose.Threecommonpurposesare:toinformtoprovidereaderswithinformationaboutatopic;topersuadetoconvincereaderstobelieveacertainviewpointortotakeacertaincourseofaction;toentertaintoamusereadersinsomeway.Reading SkillsII. Clues to identify the kind of writingReading SkillsKindFeaturesLanguageSentenceStructureInformationalwritingfacts&evidence:dates,statistics,figures,quotesusingtechnicaljargon(行话)simplePersuasivewritingemotionalappeals:rhetoricalquestions;evaluating;judgmentalTextswrittentoentertaindialogs,puns(双关语)and/orfiguresofspeechinformalsimple Read for the Key IdeaI. Read for the Key IdeaSeparate minor details from the main idea.main ideamain idea: : whoisdoingwhatwhoisdoingwhatminor detailsminor details: : when,whatkind,where,when,whatkind,where,why,how.why,how.How to Read for the Key IdeaReading SkillsII. Practice: Finding the Key Idea1.Whensnoworicewasontheground,itwasimpossibleforhimtowalk,evenwithhelp. It was impossible for him to walk.It was impossible for him to walk. 2.InManhattanthesubwaystationwasthebasementofhisofficebuilding,andhewouldnothavetogooutsideagainuntilwemethiminBrooklynonhiswayhome.The subway was the basement, and he would The subway was the basement, and he would not have to go outside.not have to go outside. Reading Skills3.Ifhedid,IamsorryInevertoldhimhowsorryIwas,howunworthyIwas,howIregrettedit. I am sorry. Reading Skills Reading for the Main Idea in a ParagraphReading SkillsReading for The Main IdeaThemainideaofapassageisthethoughtthatispresentedfromthebeginningtotheend.Inawell-writtenparagraph,mostofthesentencessupport,describeorexplainthemainidea.Themainideafrequentlyappearsinthefirstsentence,sometimesinthemiddleorattheend.I. Read for the Main Idea in a ParagraphEveryparagraphhasamainideawhichisthemostimportantinformationtheauthorwantsyoutoknowabouttheconceptofthatparagraph.Now read the following paragraph and pick up the key words which help you form the main idea. Reading SkillsSomekeywordshelpdescribeorexplainthemainidea.Ugh!Mycameraisallslimy.Iwastryingtophotographahumpbackwhaleasitblewfromitsblowhole.Itwastooclose!Whenahumpbackwhalebreathes,itblowsairandwatervaporoutitsblowholeonthetopofitshead.Thewhalesbreath,f orcedouttheholeat450k ph,iscomposedofairandwatervapor;itcanreach5metershighandseenfrom2kilometersawayonaclearday.Itcontainsafishysmellandoilysubstance,whichcanleavearesidueonacameralens,iftooclose.Whalesbreathingortheblowisusuallythefirstsignthatawhaleispresent.Reading SkillsWhile reading, keep this in mind: what idea keeps being discussed?Theunderlinedwords,aboveandlistedbelow,allrefertothebreathofthewhale.Main Idea:thewhalesbreathortheblow.blewbreatheswhales breathbreathingthe blowReading SkillsThen can you find the supporting details? Move on to the second reading.Ugh!Mycameraisallslimy.Iwastryingtophotographahumpbackwhaleasitblewfromitsblowhole.Itwastooclose!Whenahumpbackwhalebreathes,itblowsairandwatervaporoutitsblowholeonthetopofitshead.Thewhalesbreath,f orcedouttheholeat450k ph,iscomposedofairandwatervapor;itcanreach5metershighandseenfrom2kilometersawayonaclearday.Itcontainsafishysmellandoilysubstance,whichcanleavearesidueonacameralens,iftooclose.Whalesbreathingortheblowisusuallythefirstsignthatawhaleispresent.Reading SkillsTheunderlinedwordsabovegiveyoufurtherinformationaboutthemainidea.Eachprovidesmorespecificinformation,hencesupportingdetails.Reading Skillsf Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentencef Finding the Key IdeaI. Reading for the Key Idea in a SentenceAlthoughasentencemaygivemuchinformation,itusuallyoffersonekeyidea.Readersshouldlearntofindthekeyideainordertoclearlyunderstandthemeaningofasentence.Thekeyideaofasentenceusuallytells:1.whatapersonoranobjectis,and2.whatapersonoranobjectisdoing.Reading SkillsCitypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing,restlesslyseekingattentioninastore,orelbowingothersastheytrytocompletetheirshopping.Citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoing.e.g.KeyReading Skills Theywillmisstheritualinteractionthatgoeswithawelcomingcupofteaorcoffeethatmaybeaconventionintheirowncountry.Theywillmisstheritualinteraction.e.g.KeyReading Skills 1.Isolationisoneoftheworstcoping2.mechanismsyoucanusebecauseitseparatesyoufromthosethingsthatcouldreallyhelpyou.Reading SkillsIsolationisoneoftheworstcopingmechanisms.II. Finding the Key IdeaKey idea 2.Herfatherproceededtoquotestatisticsshowingthatmixedcoupleshadhigherdivorceratesthancouplesofthesameraceandgaveexamplesofmixedcoupleshehadcounseledwhowerehavingmaritaldifficulties.Reading SkillsHerfatherproceededtoquotestatistics.Key idea Reading Skills3.Wewantedtoavoidthemistakemadebymanycouplesofmarryingforthewrongreasons,andonlyfindingoutten,twenty,orthirtyyearslaterthattheywereincompatible,thattheyhardlytookthetimetoknoweachother,thattheyoverlookedseriouspersonalityconflictsintheexpectationthatmarriagewasanautomaticwaytomakeeverythingworkoutright.Wewantedtoavoidthemistake.Key idea Reading for Major DetailsDetailsthatgivethemajorinformationaboutthemainideaofaparagrapharemajordetails.Thesmalldetailsanswersomeofthequestionsconcerningthemajordetail.Reading SkillsReading for Major Detailsa.Readforthemainideaofaparagraph.b.Findallthefactsanddetailsthathelptoaddupthemainidea.c.Identifythemajordetailsrelatedtothemainidea.1. Steps of looking for the major details:Reading SkillsTheownerhandsoutAIDSinformationtoallher clients when they enter the shop andshowsvideosonAIDSpreventionwhiletheywait for their hair to dry. She also keepsbooks and other publications around socustomers can read them while waiting fortheir appointments. Its amazing how manypeopleshehaseducatedonthejob.Main idea:TheshopownerjoinsintheAIDSeducationalprograms.Reading Skills2. Example from passage A (Para.5)b.Theownermakesuseofthetimewhencustomerswaitfortheirhairtodryorfortheirappointments.TheownerhandsoutAIDSinformationtoallherclients.a.TheownergivesoutAIDSinformationb.throughvideo,booksandotherpublications.Small details:Reading SkillsMajor detail:Read Between the Lines1.Usecontextclues,commonsenseandyourknowledgeoftheworld.2.Connectideasanddrawconclusionsfromthepassage.3.Formandtestyourunderstandingbetweenthelines.How to Read Between the Lines?Reading SkillsHe would not let the robbers have his keys and get into his house.1.“Hey,”Isaid,“justtakeit.”AsIspoke,IsettheKFCboxontheplanterbesidethepathway,contrivingasIdidsototossmyhousekeysintoabush.Read and AnswerQ:Whydidthewritertosshishousekeysintoabush?A:Reading SkillsNo. The writer was careful enough to note details of the robbers so that he couldidentify them later if possible.2.Hewasntstupid.Iveseenenoughcriminaltrialstoknowvictimsofarmedattacksareseldomabletoidentifytheiroffendersbecausetheirattentionfocusesontheguns,ratherthanontheirusers.Iconsciouslynoteddetailsoftheirfaces.Q:Doyouthinkthewriterwasstupid,too?A:Reading Skills% What Is “Reading Between the Lines”?% How to Read Between the Lines?Readingbetweenthelinesisoneoftheimportantreadingskillsforefficientreading.Itmeansdrawingormakinginferencesabouttheauthorsideasfromwhatiswrittenandfromwhatisnotwritten. I. What is “Reading between the Lines”?Reading SkillsIndrawinginferencesweusetheexactinformationorhintsinourreadingtoreachinformationlogicallyandtodevelopourunderstandingofthereadingpassage.Reading SkillsII. How to Read between the Lines? Distinguishing Between Facts and OpinionsItisveryimportanttotellthedifferencebetweenfactsandthewritersopinionsinthecourseofreading.Thenwhatarefacts?Andwhatareopinions?FactsWhatreallyhappened;objectiveobjective (客观的)OpinionsIdeas,feelings,judgementsorbelieffromfacts;subjective subjective (主观的)Reading Skills Sandy sat there quietly.Fact? Opinion?Sandyssittingthereisobjectivelyanaction.Thewriterdidntmakeanycommentonit,nordidyou.e.g. 1Reading SkillsIts a fact!Its probably that awful music that wakes me up every morning.Fact? Opinion?Becausethewriterhasshownhisfeelingorjudgementonthemusicbythewordawful.Isthemusicreallyawful?Itdepends!Evenyoumaynotthinkinthatway!e.g. 2Reading SkillsIts an opinion!Why?The Biggest Difficulty in Distinguishing Facts from OpinionsWhenyouagreewiththewritersopinions,youmaytakethosesubjectivethingsforgranted,thatis,youmaymistaketheopinionsforfacts!Hesgood-looking,smartandfunny.Fact? Opinion?e.g. Reading SkillsMaybeyoualsothinkthesameasthewriterthatheisgood-looking,butitdoesntmeanotherpeoplewillacceptthisidea.“Good-looking”,“smart”and“funny”arejustthejudgementsjudgementsofthewriterandnotnecessarilythetruth!Reading SkillsIts an opinion!Why?Can you distinguish between facts and opinions here?Opinion?Fact?Reading Skillsa.Althoughtherearemanyalarmist(危 言耸听）speechesmadetothecontrary(相反),infact,mancompletelycontrolsnuclearpowerplants.b.Theamountofmoneyinvested(投资)annually(每年)bythisgovernment,onenvironmentalissuesalone,is$2m.Opinion!Fact!Reading Skillsc.Itisclearthattheonlyreasonablesolutiontoreturntonatureistotap(开发)nuclearpower.d.Fossil(化石)fuels(燃料)provideasafealternative(选择)fornuclearpower.Opinion!Fact!Reading Skills Facts and Opinions Practice the SkillI. Facts and Opinions Reading SkillsMostreadingpassagescontainideasbasedonfactsandopinions.Theabilitytorecognizedifferencesbetweenfactsandopinionscanhelpustoachieveadeeperlevelofunderstandinginourreading.ideasfactsopinionsReading SkillsFact:statementthattellswhatreallyhappenedorwhatreallyisthecase.Example:Oneday,mymothercalledme,toinvitemetoabirthdaydinnerformyfather.Reading SkillsOpinion:statementofbelief,judgmentorfeeling.Itshowswhatsomeonethinksorfeelsaboutasubject.Example:Inhisdarkbusinesssuitshelookednicebuteasilyforgettable,likesomebodysnephewatafuneral. Distinguishing Between Facts and OpinionsAswelearnedinUnit2,Book1andUnit8,Book2,itisveryimportanttotellfactsfromthewritersopinionsduringthecourseofreading.Thenwhatarefactsfacts?Andopinionsopinions?factswhatreallyhappened;objective (客观的)opinions ideas,feelings,judgementsorbeliefthatyougetfromfacts;subjective(主观的)Reading SkillsExample1Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine& Science in Sports & Exercise.FactorOpinion?Ofcourseitisafactfact!Theword“published”inthesentenceshowswhatreallyhappened.Reading SkillsExample2If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements.Itsanopinionopinion!Why?Becauseitisexpressedinanimperativesentence,whichindicatesanopinionfromthewriter.FactorOpinion?Reading SkillsThebiggestdifficultyindistinguishingfactsfromopinionsWhenyouagreewiththewritersopinions,youmaytakethosesubjectivethingsforgranted,thatis,youmaymistakeopinionsforfacts!e.g.Hessogoodlooking,smartandfunny.FactorOpinion?Reading SkillsItsanopinionopinion!Why?Maybeyoualsothinkthesameasthewriterthatheisgoodlooking,butitdoesntmeanotherpeoplewillacceptthisidea.Goodlooking,smartandfunnyarejustthejudgementsjudgementsofthewriterandnotnecessarilythetruth!Reading SkillsCanyoudistinguishbetweenfactsandopinions?Opinion?Fact?Reading SkillsA.JustasexercisestrengthenstheheartB.andlungs,bonesandmuscles,itmayalsoC.powerupthebrain.B.Humanstudieshavefocusedprimarilyonolderadultsandsuggestthatregularexercisecanimprovethespeedwithwhichthebrainprocessesinformation. Opinion!Fact!Reading SkillsC.Thisboostinreactiontimeafterexercisetrainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociatedwithgettingoldcouldactuallystemfromdeclinesinphysicalcondition.D.Consequently,thebrainsofpeoplewhoexercisemaybebetterequippedtotacklementalchallenges.Opinion!Opinion!Reading Skills Mixture of Fact and Opinion ExercisesAswelearnedinBook1,Book2,andBook3,itisveryimportanttotellthedifferencebetweenfactsandthewritersopinionsduringthecourseofreading.Butmoreoften,writersmixfactsandopinionsevenwithinthesamesentence.Opinion? fact?Reading SkillsI. Mixture of Fact and OpinionHaveareviewatthecorrespondingknowledge mentioned in Unit 2 (Book1),Unit3andUnit8(Book2),andUnit2(Book3).Reading SkillsMore TipsReading SkillsTips for Distinguishing Facts from Opinions1.Testthewritersopinionbyaskingwhetheradifferentopinionispossible. 2.Lookforadjectivesthatinterpretonesopinionssuchaspretty, ugly, handsome, dangerous, evil, attractive, well-dressed, good,etc. 1. Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class audiences were more likely to clap for a character who revolted against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear.“ ” (opinion) “ ” (fact)Reading SkillsExamples: 2. Its a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stable happiness it had earlier denied him. ButthisoneisbasicallyfactualbecauseChaplindidgetmarriedinhis50sashislastmarriage.Reading Skills Making Inferences ExercisesReading betweenthelinesmeansmakinginferencesaboutthewritersideasfromwhatiswrittenandfromwhatisnotwritten.2.Connectideasanddrawconclusionsfromthereadingpassage.3.Testwhatyouhaveunderstoodbetweenthelines.Reading Skills Understanding Figurative Language Skill PracticeTomakelanguageclearer,moreinteresting,andmorestriking,weuseexpressionswhicharenotliterallytrue.Wemake comparisonsinspeakingandwriting.Figurative languagelanguagethatcomparespaintsapictureforthereader.Reading SkillsReading SkillsI. Different Types of Figurative Language Similes(明喻,直喻)Metaphors(暗喻)Personification(拟人)Reading SkillsComparativewordsoftenusedinsimiles:likeas(as)asAs,somayaswellasasifasthoughresemblebesimilartocomparetotreatasregardasconsider/serveasremindofSimilesReading SkillsHereyessparkledlikesmallbluecircleofice.Beautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorruptandcannotlast.Hisexplanationisasclearascrystal.ExamplesReading SkillsMetaphorsExamplesHereyesweresmallbluecircleofice.Hegivesacrystalexplanation.PersonificationExamplesExamplesEdelweiss,edelweiss,Everymorningyougreetme.Smallandwhite,Cleanandbright,Youlookhappytomeetme.Reading Skills1.Theskyaboveourheadswasinkyblack.2.2.Youmightaswellexpectthesuntorisein3.thewestashopetomoveme.4.3.Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightas5.aquietvirgin.II. Skill PracticeIdentifythetypesofthefigurativelanguageusedinthefollowingsentencesandtranslatethemintoChinese.(simile)(metaphor)(similes&personification)1.我们头顶的天如墨汁般漆黑。2.你不能动摇我的决心，正如你不能指望太阳 从西边出来一样。3.今晚的新月倚背于夜空中，宛如一位安静的少 女。Reading Skills4.Allbigshipsarenowdrivenbyenginesofsomekind,andusuallybysteamenginesoroilengines.Theseturnthepropeller,whichisinthewateratthebackoftheship.Itisintheformofascrew.Whenitturns,itpushestheshipforwardasawood-screwgoesintoapieceofwoodwhenitisturned. smiles metaphorsReading SkillsUnderstanding Figurative Language ExercisesFigurativelanguagelanguagethatcomparespaintsapictureforthereader.Therearemanydifferentwaysofusingfigurativelanguage:1.Simile(明喻，直喻),figurativeexpressionswhichdirectlycompareonethingtoanotherbyusingthewordsasorlike.I. What is figurative Language?Reading Skillse.g. Miss Woods room seemed like heaven to me.2.Metaphor(暗喻),inwhichcomparisonsareonlyimplied,withoutusingas,likeandthelike.e.g. They could not know how great a light was going out in my life. Reading Skills3.Personification(拟人化),figurativeexpressionsWhichgivinghumantraitstonon-livingobjects.e.g.The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. Reading Skills1.Theflames,likeaformofwildlife,creptasalioncreepsonitsbellytowarditsprey.2.Thepenismightierthanthesword.3.Listentothewind.4.Likeasurfer(冲浪者),hesatasthoughhewerewaitingforthatwaveoftheday.MSPSII. ExercisesWrite M for metaphor, S for simile, or P for personification.Reading SkillsZ ExercisesZ Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsI. Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsThemeaningofidiomaticexpressionscanbeveryhardevenimpossibletoguess.Wordformationsindictionariesdontalwayshelp,andcanevenfoolusentirely!However,context clues, such as examples, oppositesexplanations, or similar phrases canbehelpfultofigureoutthemeaningofthem.Reading Skill1.Thenewcomerwasascomfortableasanoldshoeandwesoonbecamefriends. Guessthemeaningofthefollowing idiomaticexpressions.easytotalkandworkwitheasytotalkandworkwithII. ExercisesKeyReading Skill2.Amotorwouldbeawhiteelephanttohim,becausehecantdrive. abigbutuselessobjecttoitsownerabigbutuselessobjecttoitsownerKey3.Itoldhertoreadoverhercompositionand weedout everysentencethatwasnotaboutthesubject. KeytoremovewhatisunwantedtoremovewhatisunwantedReading Skill4.Somestudentsarelazy,butothersbeattheirbrainsandsucceed. tothinkouttothinkoutsthsth.difficult.difficultKeyReading Skill5.Thewaymostpeoplelookatyou,youdthinkatrashmanwasamonster.Sayhelloandtheystareatyouinsurprise.Theydontrealizewerehuman. AAtrashmantrashmanissomeoneissomeonethateveryonewantstothateveryonewantstogetawayfrom.getawayfrom.KeyReading Skill% Understanding Idiomatic Expressions 1.inadifficultorembarrassingsituation2.tobeveryeasy3.toadmitfailure4.proceedingwell5.toworkhardthroughthenightUnderstanding Idiomatic Expressions a piece of cakeDontworryaboutthequiztomorrow.Itllbeapieceofcakeifyouvestudiedwell. so far, so goodWhenaskedabouthowthetrainingprogramwasgoing,Lucyresponded,“Sofar,sogood”. in a jamIminarealjam.MycarwontstartandImlateforwork.Couldyougivemearide?burn the midnight oilJackhadpostponedsomuchofhisschoolwork,hehadtoburnthemidnightoilbeforefinalexamweek.Reading SkillsMeaning:1.Idontunderstand.2.totraveltowardaplace,tohaveasadestination3.tocreatespacefor4.toachievegreatpersonalandfinancialsuccess5.nottomakeanyeffortat head forOnveryhotdaysthousandsofpeopleheadforthebeach.make room for NormallyonlyfivepeoplecanfitintoSamirscar,butwhennecessary,hecanmakeroomforsixorseven.make it to the big timeActorWarrenPricemadeittothebigtimewhenhewasgivenhisownTVshow. beyond meThevocabularyIcanunderstand,butthegrammarisbeyondme.Reading SkillsMeaning:Understanding Idiomatic ExpressionsReading SkillsUnderstanding Idiomatic ExpressionsWhichismorehelpfulinfiguringoutthemeaningofidiomaticexpressions?1.wordformationclues2.contextcluesexamplesexplanationscontrastphrasesparallelphrasesPracticeGuesstheirmeanings: gooffleaveoverturninnexttonothinganine-to-fivejobknowshowmanybeansmakefivekeepsb.sseatetc.withthehelpofthesentencesReading SkillsReading SkillsA.leftB.fallenasleepC.diedD.gottired2.Assoonasthebabysgoneoffwellbeabletorelaxandwatchtelevision.1.JaneseemstohavegoneoffPeter.2.ShelikestalkingaboutTomnow.A.leftB.forgotC.lostinterestinD.metReading Skills3.IregretthatmyfirstdatewithKatewillhavetobeleftoveruntilnextSaturday.A.canceledB.movedupC.postponedD.reportedA.moveinB.abandonC.repairD.return4.Illgivethemachineonemoreweektobehaveitself.AndifitdoesntthenIllturnitinforanother.Reading Skills5.Sheeatsnexttonothing. Shesondiet.almostnothing;averysmallamount6.Outfromschool,somegraduatesgostraighttonine-to-fivejobsandwithinthreemonthstheylookedlikeoldpeople.regularworkasanemployee,esp.inanoffice,shop,factory,etc.7.IwouldntworryaboutJackifIwereyouheknowshowmanybeansmakefive.beclear-minded,sensibleinpracticalmattersReading Skills: Finding out Word Meanings I. Finding out Word MeaningsIn how many ways can you guess the meanings of new words?Reading Skills1. By definition ( (定义定义) )Theharbor(港口)isprotectedbyajetty awallbuiltoutintothewater.防波堤e.g.KeyReading Skills 2. By helping words: that is, meaning, such as, or, likewise.Janeisindecisive,thatis,shecantmakeuphermind.unabletomakedecisionsorchoices优柔寡断优柔寡断e.g.KeyReading Skills 3. By the opposite of the wordJanewastalkingwithotherswhileElizaremainedreticentallthetime.unwilling to talk about what you feel有保留的；沉默的有保留的；沉默的e.g.KeyReading Skillslintel q4. By your own experienceThedoorwassolowthatIhitmyheadonthelintel.a piece of wood across the top of a door 门楣e.g.KeyReading Skills5. By sentences before or after the sentencehavinggreatdeterminationorfirmness坚定的，果断的beingaloneandawayfromotherpeople孤独Iamaresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwontgiveitupeasily.Afterspendingthreeweeksinthewoods,Henrywastiredofsolitude.qe.g.KeyReading Skills6. By examplesSelectanyofthese periodicals: Times,NewsweekorReaders Digest.amagazinewhichcomesoutatregulartimes 期刊，杂志qe.g.KeyReading Skillsoversee=over+seelandmark=land+markthroughout=through+outsetback=set+backAny more?7. By word part cluesA. Compound wordsdownload,runawaymotorcycle,feedback.Reading SkillsPrefixMeaningExamplesmis-in-,im-,il-,ir-re-un-dis-wronglynot,withoutagain,backnotnot misunderstandincorrect,illiterateimpossible,irregularreturn,replayunlike,unusualdislike,dissatisfyB. Prefixes and SuffixesReading SkillsSuffixMeaningExamples-ful-less-able-ion,-tion-ness-mentfullofwithoutthatyoucandosth.to(suffixinnouns)fruitful,handfulcareless,hopelessmovable,washablecommunicationkindnessassignmentReading Skills Finding Out Word MeaningsReading SkillsIn Unit 1 of Book 1, weve learnt someways to find out word meanings. 1.By definition (定义定义)2.By examples3.By synonyms (同义词同义词)4.By antonyms (反义词反义词)5.By word stem (词干词干)6.By affixes (词缀词缀)PracticesReading Skills1.TheOlympicsremainthemostpureexampleofcompetitionforthesakeofcompetitionitself.Athletessacrificetheircareersandbodiesriskinginjury,defeatandcompletefailuretocompetefornothingmorethanhonorfortheircountryandthemselves.A.AdministratorsB.PeopleearningmoneyC.BusinessmenD.SportsmenReading Skills2.Lewiswonninegoldmedalsinfourdifferenteventsandheldworldrecordsinthe100-meterdashandthelongjump.A.ashortraceB.adistanceC.alongcallD.alengthReading Skills3.Hisyearsofpracticeandquietself-confidencesetthestageforaphenomenalOlympictrackandfieldcareer.A.unusualB.interestingC.devotedD.temporaryReading Skills4.JohnsonwasstrippedofhisgoldmedalandsentpackingbytheInternationalOlympicCommitteewhenhispost-racedrugtestindicatedsteroiduse.A.beforetheraceB.duringtheraceC.aftertheraceD.intherace Reading Skills5.Lewisfirmlydeniedthechargesandcounteredbyprovingbeforeajudgethatthemagazinethathadpublishedthestoriesdidsowithoutfoundationtotheirclaims.A.agreedwithB.refusedtoacceptC.condemnedD.differedfrom % Denotation and Connotation Denotation and Connotation Reading SkillsDenotationistheliteralmeaningofawordwhatwefindinadictionary(本义本义).Connotation,ontheotherhand,istheimpliedmeaningofawordwhatawordsuggeststous,orwhatitmakesusfeelorthink(言外之意言外之意).Reading SkillsTheword“die”,forexample,means“stopliving”indenotation.Butinthesentence“Somedieat30butarenotburieduntiltheyre70”,theword“die”connotes“stoplivingspiritually”or“stopgrowingintellectually”.Reading SkillsInordertofullyunderstandfigurativelanguage,orfiguresofspeech,weneedtobeawareofthecontextinwhichthewordsappear. Example 1 Nightafternight,inthehotsummerandearlyfallof1940,adeep,steadyvoicecameovertheAtlanticOceanfromEnglandtoAmerica,tellingofEnglandsbattleforsurvivalunderthewavesofGermanbombers.(Para.1)Denotation:alineofwaterthatrisesuponthesurfaceofthesea,lake,river,etc.Connotation:aquicksuccessionofacertainintenseactivity(Ithasarough,stormy,andunpleasantsense.)Reading Skills Example 2OnSeptember7,1940,nearlyfourhundredGermanbombershammeredthecitywithbombsinbroaddaylight.(Para.6)Denotation:strikeorbeataswiththerepeatedblows,ortheforceofahammerConnotation:attackwithgreatforce(Italsohasasenseofforcefulnessandheavycasualty.)Reading SkillsJ ExercisesJ Denotation and ConnotationJ Examples of Denotation and ConnotationI. Denotation and ConnotationReading SkillsDenotationtheliteralmeaningofaword;whatyoufindinadictionary.Connotationtheimpliedmeaningofaword;whatawordsuggeststoyou,orwhatitmakesyoufeelorthink.II. Examples of Denotation and ConnotationReading Skills1.butitistruetosaythathedidmoretoshapemylifethananyotherperson,andislargelyresponsiblefortheshynesswhichhasbeenahandicaptome.(L2)Connotation:weakness.Byusingtheword“handicap”,thewritersshynessiscomparedtoadisabilityofthebodyormind.Denotation:adisabilityofthebodyormindthatcausesapersonseriousdifficulty.Reading Skills2.Irealizedthatmystorieswereanextensionofmyowndesirestorisetohigherandhigheraltitudes. (L2)Connotation:areflectionofmyowndesires.ItisimpliedthatthewriterthoughtthathisstoriesactuallyreflectedhisstrongdesirestobemoresuccessfulthanJohnBullyerinthecompetition.Denotation:anaddedorextendedpart.Denotation:thecurvedorcircularshape.III. ExercisesKeyReading Skills1.Nowandthen,ifyoudidaloopofthearea,youmightseethelightsofanemergencydentalofficeorsomethingofthesort.(L9)ReadthefollowingsentencestakenfromTextBandwritethedenotationofthewordanditsconnotationinthecontext.Connotation:theactofgoingaroundsomewhere.Denotation:Makeadeephollowsound.KeyReading Skills2.Therewerenobarswithmusicboomingintothestreets.(L11)Connotation:Loudlyspreadtothestreets.Theimpliedmeaningisthatthestreetswerequiet,andthatevenbarswerecarefulnottogettheirloudmusicintothestreets.Denotation:Saywhatmedicineasickpersonshouldormusthave.KeyReading Skills3.TheWest,ontheotherhand,prescribesaharshpillthatmakesamanstrongofmind.(L40)Connotation:TheWestistoughenoughtomakeamanstrong.HeretheWestiscomparedtoadoctor.Denotation:(Ofanarmyorthepolice)surroundaplaceandtrytogaincontrolofitorforcesomeonetocomeoutofit.KeyReading Skills4.Therewasthenahardrainfalling,andthewindhadrisenintoasteadyblowthatlaidsiegetothecitystreets.(L46)Connotation:Blowhardonthecitystreets.Theimpliedmeaningofthesentenceisthatthewindwasverystrongandblewhardonthecitystreetslikeanarmymakingafierceattackonitsenemy.Denotation:production.KeyReading Skills5.ThemanfromtheWest,hisfeelingsofselfenlargedbysuccess,wasbeginningtooutlinethehistoryofhiscareer,describinghisoutput.(L55)Connotation:hisachievements.TheimpliedmeaningofthesentenceisthatthemanfromtheWestwasboastingabouthowhemadehis“achievements”:risingtothetopbymeanslegalorillegal,etc.Denotation:(Causeto)changeshape,thetrueorintendedmeaning,ordirection.KeyReading Skills6.“Itsometimestwistsagoodmanintoabadone,”saidthetallman,drawinghisweapon.(L67)Connotation:Changeagoodmanintoabadone.Theuseoftheword“twist”suggeststhatthemanwasnotonlychangedinappearancebutalsoinnature.