英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用 APA 格式及规范。一、文中夹注格式一、文中夹注格式英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用 APA 格式。（一）引用整篇文献的观点（一）引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况：1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in theirpersonalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor,1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, notonly in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration forwriting (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现， 按 APA 的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polaropposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources ofinspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊， 括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005)（二）引用文献中具体观点或文字（二）引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献（1）引用内容在一页内，如：Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of humanrelationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11).（2）引用内容在多页上，如：Newmark(1988 ： 39-40)notesthreecharacteristicallyexpressivetext-types: (a) serious imaginative literature . lyrical poetry); (b)authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes andlegal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledgedauthorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (whenthese are personal effusions).注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法： APA APA 的规范是的规范是(1988, pp.(1988, pp.39-40)39-40)。假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for theworld of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (1988：11). 2.引用多位作者写作的同一文献（1）两位作者（使用&符号连接），如：Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance ofadvanced English learners who could use English articles correctly onlyin 70 percent of the cases.（2）三位作者，如：第一次引用：Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).以后的引用：Tobesuccessful,“communitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995：135). (3) 三位作者以上，如：Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politicsof community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003) . 3. 引用同样姓氏的不同作者文献假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：Well-established SLA researchers (R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skepticalof the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of theknowledge of a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多， 应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：. Wang, 2003) . Wang, 2003：213)4. 引用团体作者文献引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational andrecreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987：54). 5. 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were tooemotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser,” 2002).在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。在 APA 的规范， 独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。6. 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如：(1) Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibilitymarking played a crucial role in discourse organization.(2) Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseasexperience often have a better command of English than American foreignlanguage majors with no overseas experience have of the language theystudy (Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986). 7. 引用同一作者的多篇文献 (1) 中文文献按 APA 规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)（2）英文文献Halliday (1985, 1994) argues that a language is a meaning-making systemand that it is a semantic system rather than a formal system.同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如：(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)8. 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack ofhealth care providers, lack of information about the disease and varioustreatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are allfactors which affect treatment decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001;Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994). 9. 引用非直接文献论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献 secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献 primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：(1) Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996：135) identified fourcomponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.(2) One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996: 135)identified four components of body language that were related to judgmentsof vulnerability.引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）条目（即上述实例中的“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。 10. 来自互联网的文献At the inaugural lecture to mark the official launch of the Halliday Centreof Intelligent Applications of Language Studies (HCLS) at City Universityof Hong Kong on 26 March, Halliday reiterated that his theory of language“emphasizes the social accountability of language, . that language isrooted in social meaning and is a resource of communication, rather thana set of rules”二、参考文献格式二、参考文献格式参考文献著录在 APA 规范里叫做 References。格式：格式：Author, A. A. (publication year).Author, A. A. (publication year).Title.Title.Place of Publication:Place of Publication:Publisher.Publisher.注意注意: : （1）在 APA 规范里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。（2） 按 APA 的规范， 标题大写遵照句子大写 （Sentence capitalization）规则， 标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。（3）出版年份置于作者之后。（一）书籍参考文献格式（一）书籍参考文献格式 1. 1.一位作者的书籍一位作者的书籍1 Oxford, R. L. (1990).Languagelearningstrategies:Whateveryteachershould know.New York: Newbury House Publisher.2 Rossi, P. H. (1989).Down and out in America: The origins ofhomelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2. 2. 两位作者的书籍两位作者的书籍1 Forsyth, A. & Thornhill, R. (1983).The evolution of insect mating.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3. 3. 三位作者的书籍三位作者的书籍1 Smith, D., Boyd, R., & Spoher, J. C. (1995).Virtues VRKL toolkit.Indianapolis: Hayden Books.2 Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983).Computersin the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press. 4. 4. 再版书籍再版书籍1 Kail, R. (1990).Memorydevelopmentin children(3rd ed.). New York:Freeman.2 Dreyfus, H. (1989).What computers cant do (2nd ed.). New York:Harper & Row. 5. 5. 团体作者所著书籍团体作者所著书籍1 American Psychiatric Association. (1987).Diagnosticand statisticalmanual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author. 6. 6. 匿名作者书籍匿名作者书籍1Standardsforeducationalandpsychologicaltests. (1985). Washington,DC: American Psychological Association. 7. 7. 引用编著引用编著（1）引用全书观点Campbell,J.P.,Campbell,R.J.,&Associates.(Eds.).(1988).Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.（2）引用编著中文章Author, A. (publication year). Article title. In A. A. Author & B. B.Author, A. (publication year). Article title. In A. A. Author & B. B.Author (Eds.),Author (Eds.),TitleTitle. . Place of Publication: PublisherPlace of Publication: Publisher. .1 Barlett, L. (1990). Teacher development through reflective teaching.In J. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds.),Second language teacher education.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9. 9. 翻译的书籍翻译的书籍Michotte, A. E. (1963).Theperceptionof causality(T. R. Miles & E. Miles,Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)注意翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。（二（二) ) 学术期刊参考文献格式学术期刊参考文献格式Author, A., & Author, B. (publication year). Article title.Author, A., & Author, B. (publication year). Article title.PeriodicalPeriodicalTitle, volumeTitle, volume(issue), p1-p2.(issue), p1-p2. 1. 1. 一位作者文章一位作者文章1Mellers,B.A.(2000).Choiceandtherelativepleasureofconsequences.Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.2 Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary.Bulletin ofthe Psychonomic Society,28, 373-380.注意：卷号（注意：卷号（volumevolume 如如126, 28126, 28） 要斜体要斜体 2. 2. 两位以上作者写的文章两位以上作者写的文章1 Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education,occupational prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the1980 Census.Sociology of Education,63, 27-43.2 Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women andjudgments of vulnerability to sexual assault.Journal of Applied SocialPsychology, 26(3),1617-1626.注意：注意：issue (3)issue (3) 不斜体不斜体 3. 3. 三位以上作者三位以上作者如果作者人数超过三人，也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字，加上 et al.，如：Barringer, H. R. et al. (1990). Education, occupational prestige andincome of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.Sociology ofEducation,63, 27-43. 4. 4. 书评、影评、电视节目评论等书评、影评、电视节目评论等Falk, J. S. (1990). Review of Narratives from the crib.Language,66, 558-562. 5. 5. 收集在书籍中的文章（收集在书籍中的文章（Selection from an edited bookSelection from an edited book）Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directionsfor outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.),Case management:An overviewandassessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.在在 APAAPA 规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。 ( (三）杂志中的文章三）杂志中的文章 Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time.Time:58-67.注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。注意：著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。（四）报纸中的文章（四）报纸中的文章Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries inbusiness and health.New York Times: D2.（五）百科全书中的文章（五）百科全书中的文章Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. InThe new encyclopediabritannica,pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.（六）未出版的硕士、博士论文（六）未出版的硕士、博士论文1 Feng, . (2000).A PreliminaryStudyofFunctionalSyntaxintheCardiffGrammar. Unpublished MA dissertation, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou,China.2 Fawcett, . (1973).Generating a sentence in systemic functionalgrammar. Unpublished manuscript, University College London.（七）来自互联网文章（七）来自互联网文章1 Keneth, F. (2010).BackgroundsoftheTraditionalCognitiveApproachinLearning theSecondLanguage.RetrievedSeptember29,2010from: ?Backgrounds-of-the-Traditional-Cognitive-Approach-in-Learning-the-Second-Language&id=49867172 Archer, D. .).Exploring nonverbal communication. Retrieved May 4,2009 from:三、中文参考文献格式三、中文参考文献格式M=monograph;J=journal;A=article in a collection;C=article collection;D=MA thesis or Ph. D. dissertation;OL=online materials;Z=others such as dictionaries1 高强, 刘振前. 语言习得的自然发生观A. 载周大军, 张雪梅（主编）第二语言习得研究的新探索C. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2005.2 吕光旦. 英语幽默的语言分析J. 外国语, 1984 (5).3 刘纯豹. 英语委婉语词典Z. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2001.4 任义生, 贺宇红. 英语幽默笑话 365 则M. 北京: 北京世界知识出版社,1999.5 束定芳. 隐喻学研究M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.6 束定芳, 徐金元. 委婉语研究: 回顾与前瞻J. 外国语, 1995 (5).7 张丽娜. 商务英语信函中的模糊语言研究D. 大连海事大学未发表硕士论文, 2007.8 杨文志 . 学术交流及其对学术生态的影响OL. sid=11167&type=1000,2009 年 11 月 24 日获取.