XXXX 大学英语四级阅读练习题大学英语四级阅读练习题36、Questions 36-46 are based onthe following passage.If it were only necessary to decidewhether to teachelementary science to everyone on a mass basis or tofindind thegifted few and take them as far as they can go,our task would be fairlysimple. The public school36 ,however, has no suchchoice, for the job must be 37 onat the same time.Because we depend so 38 uponscience andtechnology for our progress,we must produce 39 in manyfields. Because wc live in ademocratiation, whose citizensmake the policies for the nation, largenumbers of us mustbe educated to understand, tosupport, and when necessary,to40 the work of experts. The public school musteducate bothproducars andusers of scientific services.In education, there should be a goodbalance among thebranches of knowledge that contribute toeffectivethinkingand wise judgment. Such balance is 41 bytoo much emphasison any one field. This question ofbalanceinvolves not only the relation of thenatural sciences, thesocial sciences, and the arts but also relative 42 amongthe natural sciencestbemselves.Similarly, wc must have a balance betweencurrent and 43knowledge. The attention of the public is 44drawn to newpossibilities inscientific fields and the discovery of newknowledge; these should not beallowed toturn our attentionaway from the sound,45 materials thatform the basis ofcourses for beginners.A. awardedB . heavilyC. classicalD. displayE. establishedF. systemG. involvedH.defeatedI.continuallyJ. speciallyK.emphasesL. establishmentM. specialistsN. cardedO. judge第(36)题.37、第(37)题.38、第(38)题.39、第(39)题.40、第(40)题.41、第(41)题.42、第(42)题.43、第(43)题.44、第(44)题.45、第(45)题.46、Beauty and Body Image in theMediaA. Images of female bodies are everywhere. Womenandtheir bodyparts-sell everything from food to cars.Popularfilm and television actressesare being younger, taller andthinner. Some have even been known tofaint onthe set fromlack of food. Womens magazines are full &articles urgingthatif they can just lose thoselast twentypounds, theyllhave it allthe perfect marriage, loving children, greatsex,and a rewarding careerB. Why arc standards of beauty being imposed on women,the majorityofwhom are naturally larger and moremature thanany of the models? The roots,some analysts say, areeconomic. By presenting an ideal difficult toachieveandmaintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries arcassured of growth andprofits. And its noaident that youthis increasingly promoted, along withthinness, as anessential criterion of beauty. If not allwomen need toloseweight, for sure theyre all aging, says the QuebecAction Network for WomensHealth inits xx report. And,aording to the industry, age is a disasterthat needs to bedealt with.C. The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who areinsecure about their bodies arc more likely tobuybeautyproducts, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated thatthe dietindustry alone is worth anywherebetween 40 to 100billion (U.S. a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to95% of dieters regainthe lostweight. On the other hand,research indicatesthat exposure to images of thin, young,air-brushed femalebodies is linked todepression, loss ofself-esteem and the development of unhealthy eatinghabitsin womenand girls.D. The American research group Anorexia Nervosa &Related EatingDisorders, Inc. says that one out ofeveryfour college-aged women usesunhealthy methods ofweight control-including fasting, skippingmeals,excessiveexercise, laxative (泻药. abuse, andself-induced vomiting.The pressure to be thin is also affectingyoung girls:theCanadian Womens Health Network warns that weight controlmeasures are nowbeing takenby girls as young as 5 and 6.American statistics are similar.Several studies, such asone conducted by MarikaTiggemann and Levina Clark inxxtitled Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls:Media andPeerInfluences on Body Dissatisfaction, indicatethat nearly half of allpreadolescent girls wish to bethinner, andas a result have engaged in a dietor are awareof the concept of dieting. In xx, Teen magazine reportedthat35percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on atleast one diet, and that 50to 70 percent of normalweightgirls believe they are overweight. Overallresearchindicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied withtheirappearance insome way. Media activist Jean Kilbourneconcludes that, Women are sold tothe diet industryby themagazines we read and the television programs wewatch,almost all of which make us feel anxiousabout ourweight.E. Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that mediaimages of femalebeauty are unattainable for all but averysmall number of women. Researchersgenerating a putermodel of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions,forexample,found that her back would be too weak to support the weightof herupper body, and her bodywould be too narrow tocontain more than halfa liverand a few centimeters of bowel.A real woman built thatway would suffer fromchronicdiarrhea ( 慢性腹泻. and eventually die frommalnutrition.Jill Barad,President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie.,estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old ownatleast oneBarbie doll. Still, the number of real lifewomen and girls who seek asimilarly underweight bodyisepidemic, and they can suffer equally devastatinghealthconsequences. In xx it was estimated that up to450,000Canadian womenwere affected by an eating disorder.F. Researchers report thatwomens magazines have tenand one-half times more ads and articlespromotingweightloss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters ofthecovers of womens magazines include atleast one messageabout how to change awomans bodily appearance-by diet,exercise or cosmetic surgery.Television andmovies reinforcethe importance of a thin body as a measure of a womansworth.Canadianresearcher Gregory Fouts reports that overthree-quarters of the femalecharacters in TV situationedies areunderweight, and only one in twenty areaboveaverage in size. Heavier actresses tend to receivenegativements frommale characters about their bodies (Howabout wearing a sack? ., and 80 percent of thesenegativements are followed by cannedaudience laughter.G. There have been efforts in the magazine industry tobuck (抵抗，对抗. the trend. For several years theQuebecmagazine Coup de Pouce hasconsistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelainehaspledgednot to touch up photos and not to include models less than25 yearsof age. In Madrid, one of theworlds biggestfashion capitals, ultra-thinmodels were banned from therunway in xx. Furthermore Spainhas recentlyundergone aproject with the aim to standardize clothing sizes throughusing aunique process inwhich a laser beam is used tomeasure real life womens bodiesin order to find the mosttree to lifemeasurement.H. Another issue is the representation of ethnicallydiverse women inthe media. A xx study conducted byJuanitaCovert and Travis Dixon titledA Changing View:Representation and Effects of the Portrayal ofWomen ofColorin Mainstream Womens Magazines found that although therewas anincrease in therepresentation of women of c01our,overall white women wereoverrepresented in mainstreamwomensmagazines from 1999 to xx.I. The barrage of messagesabout thinness, dieting andbeauty tells ordinary women that theyare always inneed ofadjustment-and that the female body is an object tobeperfected. Jean Kilboume argues that theoverwhelmingpresence of media imagesof painfully thin women means thatreal womens bodies have bee invisible in the mass media。The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that manywomeninternalizethese stereotypes, and judge themselves bythe beauty industrysstandards. Women learn toparethemselves to other women, and to pete withthem formale attention: This focus on beauty anddesirabilityeffectivelydestroys any awareness and actionthat might help to change that climate.根据以上内容，答复 46-56 题.A report in Teen magazineshowed that 50% to 70% girlswith normal weight think that they need to lose weight.47、On the whole, for 6 yearswhite women had beenoupying much more space in mainstream womens magazinessince 1999.48、Some negative effects suchas depression andunhealthy eating habits in females are related to theirbeing exposed to images of thin and young femalebodies.49、The mass media has helpedboost the cosmetic and thediet industries.50、It is reported that thereis at least one messageabout the methods for women to change theirbodilyappearance on more than three-quarters of thecoversof womens magazines.51、Some film and televisionactresses even faint on thescene due to eating too little.52、Too much concern withappearance makes it impossibleto change such abnormal trend.53、Researchers found that areal woman with Barbie-dollproportions would eventually die from malnutrition.54、The Quebec magazine Coup dePouce resists the trendby consistently including full-sized women in their fashionpages for several years.55、Aording to some analysts,the fundamental reason ofimposing standards of beauty on women is economic Section C56、Questions 56-61are based onthe following passage.Is it possible to persuade mankind to livewithout war?War is an ancient institution which has existed for atleastsixthousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish,but in the past thehuman race managed to live withit.Modern ingenuity (创造力. has changed this. Either Man willabolishwar, or war will abolish Man. For thepresent, it isnuclear weapons that causethe most serious danger, butbacteriological or chemical weapons, maybeforelong, offeran even greater threat. If we sueed in abolishingnuclearweapons, our work will not be done. Itwill never bedone until we havesueeded in abolishing war. To do this, weneed to persuade mankind tolookupon international questionsin a new way, not as contests of forec, inwhich the victorygoes to the side which ismost skillful in killing people,butby arbitration (调解. in aordance with agreedprinciplesof law. It is not easyto change very old mental habits, butthis iswhat must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoptionofthis or thatideology would prevent war. I believe this to be abigerror.All ideologies are based on dogmatic ( 教条式的.statements which are, at best, doubtful, and atworst,totallyfalse. Their adherents believe in themfanatically (狂热地. that they are willing to go to war insupport ofthem.Themovement of world opinion during the past few yearshas been very largely suchas we can wele. Ithas bee amonplace ( 老生长谈. that nuclear war must be avoided. Ofcourse very difficultproblemsremain in the world, but thespirit in which they are being approachedis a better onethan it was some years ago. Ithas begun to be thought, evenbythe powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die,that negotiations should reach agreements even if bothsides donot find these agreements wholly satisfactory. Ithas begun to beunderstoodthat the important conflictnowadays is not between different countries, butbetween Manand the atombomb.This passage implies thatwar now isA.worse than in the pastB.as badas in the pastC.not so dangerous as in the pastD.as necessary as in the past57、In the sentence To dothis, we need to persuademankind. (Line 6, Para.1 ), this refers toA.solving international problemsB.improving weaponsC.abolishing warD.living a peaceful life58、From Paragraph 2 we learnthat the author of thepassageA.is a supporter of some modem ideologiesB.does not think that the adoption of any ideologycould prevent warC.believes that the adoption of some ideologies couldprevent warD.has no doubt about the truth of any ideologies59、The last paragraph suggeststhatA.international agreements can be reached more easilynowB.man begins to realize the danger of nuclear warC.nuclear war will definitely not take placeD.world opinion weles nuclear war60、Aording to theauthor,.A.war is the only way to solve internatioual disputesB.war will be less dangerous because of the improvementof weaponsC.it is impossible for man to live without warD.war must be abolished if man wants to survive61、QuestionsTSE are based onthe following passage.A useful definition of an air pollutantis a pound addeddirectly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphereinsuchquantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, ormaterial adversely (有害地. Air pollution requires averyflexibledefinition that permits continuous change. When thefirst air pollution lawswere established inEngland in thefourteenth century, air pollutants werelimited to poundsthat could be seen or smelleda farcry (悬殊的差异. fromthe extensive list of harmful substances known today.Astechnology has developed andknowledge of the healthaspects of variouschemicals has increased, the list of airpollutants has lengthened. Inthefuture, even water vapor(水蒸气. might be consideredan air pollutant under certainconditions.Many of the more important airpollutants, such assulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogenoxides,arefound in nature. As the Earth developed, theconcentrations ( 浓度. of these pollutants were alteredbyvariouschemical reactions; they became ponents inbiogeochemical (生物地球化学的. cycles. These serve as anairpurification scheme by allowing thepounds to move fromthe air to the water or soil. On a globalbasis,naturesoutput of these pounds dwarfs that resultingfrom human activities. However,human productionusually oursin a localized area, such as a city.In this localized region, human outputmay be dominantand may temporarily overload the natural purificationschemeofthe cycles. The result is an increased concentration ofnoxious ( 有害的. chemicals in the air. Theconcentrationsatwhich the adverse effects appear will be greater than theconcentrations thatthe pollutants wouldhave in the absenceof human activities. The actualconcentration need not belarge for a substance to be apollutant; in factthenumerical value tells us little until we know how muchof an increase thisrepresents over the concentration thatwould our naturally in the area. Forexample, sulfur dioxidehas detectable health effects at0.08 parts per million(ppm.,which is about 400 times its natural level.Carbon monoxide,however, has a naturallevel of 0.1 ppm and is not usuallyapollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.It can be inferred from thefirst paragraph thatA.water vapor is an air pollutant in localized areasB.the definition of air pollution will continue tochangeC.a substance bees an air pollutant only in citiesD.most air pollutants today can be seen or smelled62、In what way can naturalpollutants play an importantrole in controlling air pollution?A.They function as part of a purification process.B.They are dwarfed by the pollutants produced by humanactivities.C.They are less harmful to living beings than are otherpollutants.D.They have existed since the Earth developed.63、Aording to the passage,the numerical value Of theconcentration level of a substance is only useful ifA.the other substances in the area are knownB.it is a localized areaC.it can be calculated quicklyD.the naturally ourring level is also known64、Which of the following isbest supported by thepassage?A.To effectively control pollution, local governmentshould regularlyrevise the air pollution laws.B.One of the most important steps in preserving naturallands is tobetter enforce air pollution laws.C.Scientists should be consulted in order to establishuniform limitsfor all air pollutants.D.Human activities have great impact on air pollution.65、The passage mainlydiscussesA.the economic impact on air pollutionB.how much damage air pollutants can causeC.what constitutes an air pollutantD.the quantity of pounds added to the atmosphere