1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语一： 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词二： 关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。先行词是物：which that 先行词是人：who whom that 在从句中充当的成分：主语、宾语（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。e.g. 把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句1. They had a radio. It could send out messages. They had a radio which/ that could send out message. (主语) 2. The girl is my best friend. She spoke just now. _3. He always buys some books. He never read them. _ 注意点：1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：e.g. 4. The man who lives next door sells vegetables. The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( ) 5. The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( ) 2 ）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：e.g. 6. The young man ( whom ) you saw was our manager. 7. There is something ( that ) we must keep in mind. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. The man who told me the news refused to give me the name. 2. The airline has a booklet which will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe. 3. He found a dollar bill that he had forgotten in a suit . 4. He is the man whom we all respect. 5. There is somebody who wants to see you. 6. The house I would like to buy is not for sale. 7. The bicycle my uncle gave me was very expensive. whose 的用法：关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“ 的” 时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。e.g. 1. The girl is my daughter. Her work got the first prize. The girl whose work got the first prize is my daughter. 2. The book is not mine. The cover of it is red. The book whose cover is red is not mine ( The book the cover of which is red is not mine) 3. Do you know anyone? His family is in Xi an.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 16 页_ 4. I live in the room. The windows of it face south. _ 5. The chair has been repaired. The leg of it was broken. _ 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开， 不能 that 用引导 。e.g. Tom s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. （who 引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）that 与 which 的区别1）用 that 而不用which 的情况先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing,little,few,much something someone ；先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；先行词有the only, the very, any,the same , the last等词修饰；先行词既有人又有物时。5.避免重复Who is the person that is standing there? e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。_ 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。_ 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。2）用 which 而不用that 的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；指代前面整个主句的意思；介词+ 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. This is the room in which my father lived last year. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1.What is the address of the factory whose advertisement we noticed the other day. 2.I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease. 3.It was a meeting whose importance I didn t realize at the time.4.The Great Wall was the first place that went to visit while they were in China. 5.Miss Smith, who you met at our house, is going to marry Mr. Harry. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 16 页6.He failed in the exam, which made his classmates surprised. 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时， 关系代词只能用which 或 whom e.g. 1. The man is a famous runner. You talked to him just now. The man to whom you talk just now is a famous runner. 2. The chair is made of wood. He is sitting on it now. The chair on which he is sitting now is made of wood. 3. He is a library assistant. I borrowed some books from him. _ 4. It is a famous school. He graduated from it 3 years ago. _ 介词的确定应依据定语从句中短语的习惯性搭配，Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?(shake hands with是习惯性搭配) 介词常受先行词的制约（即介词和先行词的搭配），He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(through which 即 through the telescope) 有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，(look after take care of look for) e.g. 5. He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him. He is the student who the teachers are looking for. 6. The number of the children is 30. / She takes care of the children. The number of the children who she takes care of is 30. 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1. This is the house about which we wrote to you. 2. Wu Dong, with whom I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 3. He used to live in a big house in front of which grew many banana trees. 4. This is Peter in whose house I have lived for five years. 关系副词：when where why 当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替 : e.g. 1. I will never forget the day./ I went to university on that day. I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university. 2. He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning. _ 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 16 页当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替 : e.g. 3. This is the house. / He used to live in the house. This is the house where/ in which he used to live. 4. I know of a place in which/where we can swim _ 先行词是表示原因的名词，即 reason，用 why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for which 来代替 : e.g. 5. I don t know the reason. / He did it for this reason.I don t know the reason why/ for which he did it. 6. The reason for which/why he was fired was not clear. I will never forget the day _which/that/ 不填 _ we spent together in the countryside I will never forget the days_during which/when_ we stayed together in the countryside This is the reason _that/which/ 不填 _ they told me This is the reason _for which/why_ he turned the job f 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1.I know a forest where you can find wild strawberries. 2.Is there any reason why you should have a holiday. 3.I will show you the way to the Friendship Hotel where foreign visitors are staying. 4.Be sure to call on us next time when you come to town. 5.We shall never forget the days when we were united as one to fight against the Japanese. 第五讲注意点：要注意判断关系词及关系词在从句中所充当的成分。e.g. 1. This is the house He visited it yesterday. This is the house. He once lived in it. This is the house which/that / / he visited yesterday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 16 页This is the house where/in which he once lived. 2. We will remember the day. We spent the day together. _ We will remember the day. We worked on this day together. _ 找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1.I will show you to the factory which produces this kind of TV sets. 2.I will show you to the factory where he has worked for five years. 3.I will show you to the factory whose workers are all disabled people. 4.I will show you to the factory which your factory once visited five years ago. 第六讲定语从句时特别注意的几个问题as引导定语从句时的用法1. as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same as, such as结构中。e.g. Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。_ 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。2. as 引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。常用下列句型 : as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks. （one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match. （students 为先行词）定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can t understand.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“ 介词+ which ” 来代替。e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People s Republic of China was founded.几个特殊的定语从句句型：1. Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? 2. situation 后常用 where,in which 引导定语从句：Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word? 3. way(方式，方法 )后常用 in which 或 that 或省略来引导定语从句，也可省略：Do you know the way(in which/that/how) he worked out the problem? 4. He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 16 页找出句中的从句并圈出先行词说出关系代词在从句中的成分1.He is a teacher, as is clear form his manner. 2.As is known to all, water resources are very limited on the earth. 3.He used such expressions as he could find in the texts. 4.They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented 5.I don t like the way he speaks.6.He is one of the students who know the Japanese. 7.He is the only one of the students who knows the Japanese. 1. I will never forget the day _which/that/ 不填 _ we spent together in the countryside I will never forget the days_during which/when_ we stayed together in the countryside 2.This is the reason _that/which/不填 _ they told me This is the reason _for which/why_ he turned down the job 非限制定语从句1.逗号隔开2.翻译成并列句，去掉之后句子完整3.不能用 that 4.which 可以指代某一个先行词也可以指代一句话He lost his book, which made his mother very angery as在非限定性从句中的使用1.表示正如。 。 。一样2.替代 which 放句首He must be from Africa, _which_ can be seen from his skin As can be seen from his skin, he must be from Africa As is known to all, he is a hero He is a hero, which is known to all It is known to all that he is a hero He has 2 sons , one of whom is a doctor He has 2 sons and one of them is a doctor He has 2 sons, neither of whom is a doctor He has 2 sons, _both_ of whom are doctors He has 3 sons, none of whom is a doctor He has 3 sons, all of whom are doctors He is one of the scientists who _are_known by the world He is the only one of the scientists who _is _known by the world He is such a good student that everyone likes him very much( 如此以至于 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 16 页He is such a person as you told me He invited me to the party, and it is kind of him He inviten me to the party , which is kind of him He failed in the exam, _as_ we had expected Can you see the closet _ on the top of which_ I put the flower vase? Can you see the closet _on whose top_ I put the flower vase? All (that) you need is his help What you need is his help all that= what Is this the museum _ you visited yesterday? This is the museum that /which/ 不填you visited yesterday. Is this museum _ you visited yesterday? This museum is the one that/which/ 不填 you visited yesterday. This is the place_in which/where_ you have worked for ten years This is the place _to which _ you pay a visit last year I will never forget the day _which/that/不填 _ we spent together in the countryside I will never forget the days_during which/when_ we stayed together in the countryside （2）高一英语定语从句1、需要注意的问题保持谓语和先行词的一致e.g. He is one of the greatest writers who are living now. e.g. He is the only one of the boys who has joined the army. whose 引导定语从句时，人、物皆可。不能只看先行词，还要注意引导词在句子中充当什么成分。避免关系词的重复，被关系代词说替代的部分不可在从句中重复出现。e.g. This is the book we have read it together. reason, way后关系词的用法e.g. This is the reason (for which/ why/ that) he was absent yesterday. e.g. I dont like the way (in which/ that) he does everything.在比较级中，than 充当关系代词，在从句中作主语。e.g. The results of his study have turned out to be more satisfactory than was expected. 2、使用 that 的几种情况先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 16 页先行词前有不定代词修饰，如the same, the only one, all, both, everything, nothing 当主句是以who, which开始的特殊疑问句时，从句用that ，避免重复先行词既指人，又指物e.g. We know nothing about the doctors and the hospital that you are talking about. 关系代词充当表语e.g. He is not the man that he used to be. = He is not what he used to be. 3、where 引导的定语从句和地点状语从句where 引导的定语从句必须有先行词。如：place, school, city, house, room等where 不是修饰性名词，而是修饰其前整个句子，在句子中作地点状语。e.g. Make a mark where you have any questions. 4、when, where, why引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别相同点：在两种从句中都可以充当状语成分不同点：1作关系副词引导定语从句时有跟它们含义相应的先行词2 作关系副词引导定语从句时，可以改为“prep. + which”来引导3 作连接副词引导同位语从句时没有与它们含义相应的先行词e.g. Ill never forget the day when (= on which) we met for the first time.e.g. I have no idea when we met for the first time 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句必须放在先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关联词。关联词常见的关联词有关系代词that ， which， who，whom ，whose和关系副词where，when， why等。种类1由 that引导的定语从句一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和 which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。Is this the doctor that（ whom ）you talked about yesterday？这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？The letter that（which ）I received yesterday was from my father昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。2由 who，whom和 whose引导的定语从句who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose 在从句中作定语。如：This is the thief who stole my bike这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。He is the boy whom you wanted to find他就是你想要找的那个男孩。The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。3由 which 引导的定语从句which 指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫西行漫记。The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 16 页4由 where，when和 why引导的定语从句where 在从句中作地点状语，when 在从句中作时间状语，why 在从句中作原因状语。如：I will never forget the day when I joined the League我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。He will go back to the school where he studied next week下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。I dont know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。定语从句（ Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有： when, where, why等。18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、 定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，( 只用作定语 , 若指物，它还可以同of which互换） , 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）（3）定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等和关系副词 when, where, why 等，其作用是代替先行词，引导定语从句，同时在定语从句中担任一定的成分。关系代词引导的定语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 16 页主语宾语表语定语人who/that who/whom/ that that whose= of whom 物that/which that/which that whose=of which 例如：1.The boys who/that like to swim will be here. 2.This is the girl whom/that I met in the street yesterday. 3.A bookstore is a store that/which sells books. 注意事项：（一）从以上表格可以看出，关系代词who 和 that 都可以指人，但也不是任何时候都通用。1下列情况通常使用who 而不用 that （ 1）当先行词是指人的泛指代词he, that 或指示代词those 及 people 时，常用 who. Those who want to go swimming raise your hands please. （ 2） 当先行词是指人的不定代词one(s),anyone, anybody, everyone, all等时，常用 who. Is there anybody else who should be invited. 2下列情况通常使用that 而不用 who （ 1）以疑问词who 开始的句子中，为避免重复，常用that 引导定语从句。Who is the girl that is in red? （2）先行词即包括人又包括物时，用that 引导定语从句。They are talking about the teachers and the school that they visited last year. （ 3）先行词在从句中作表语时，用that 引导定语从句。She is not the girl that she used to be. （二） 从以上表格可以看出，关系代词that 和 which 都可以指物， 但具体应用也有区别1下列情况通常使用which （ 1）如果先行词是that, 为避免重复，用which 引导定语从句。What was that which you said about him? （ 2）作介词宾语且介词提前时。This is the house in which I once lived. （ 3）引导非限制性定语从句时。He made great progress, which made his father happy. 2下列情况通常使用that （1） 当先行词是all, anything, nothing, everything, much, little, few等指物的不定代词时。That s all that I can do.Is there anything else that you want to say? 成分先行词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 16 页（2）当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。This is one of the best films that I have ever seen. That was the first time that I had seen such a wonderful film. （ 3） 当先行词被only, few, little, no, very等修饰时，一般用 that, 而不用 which. This is the very book that I want. This is the only one of the good films that has been seen recently. (4) 当引导词在定语从句中作表语时，用that 而不用 which. This is the song that is very popular with young people. China is no longer the one that it used to be ten years ago. (5) 当主句以there be 开头时。There is a seat in the corner that is still free. (三 ) as 与 which 的区别1. as, which 指代整个句子或短语。由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，相当于 and this 或 and that 。在很多时候，表示说话人对话语的看法或态度，此时它们的先行词并不是具体的某个词，而是整个句子或短语：The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China, which, I dare say, will benefit the people there, especially those who are still leading a poor life. 中国政府决定开发西部，我敢说，这将造福于西部的人民，特别是那些至今过着贫穷生活的人。She has married again，which delighted us 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。John said he d been working in the office for an hour ，which was true The result of the experiment was very good， which we hadn t expectedCarol said the work would be done by October，which personally I doubt very much 2. as, which 用在句末的时候，有些情况下可以互换使用。He was late for school，as/which was usual with him他上学迟到，这是家常便饭。He was a foreigner ， as/which I knew from his accent他是个外国人，我从他的口音中得知这一点。I live a long way from work，as/which you know我离上班的地方很远，你是知道这一点的。The author was brought up in a small village, as/which is recounted in some of his stories. 作者是在一个小村庄里长大的，这个问题在他的一些小说了就被提到过。但是，当主句是否定句时，只能as。例如：Spiders are not insects, as many people think. 蜘蛛不是昆虫，而许多人却认为蜘蛛是昆虫。3. as 的特殊用法。1、如果要说明两者有相似之处时通常用as， 表达 “ 正如（情形或事实所表示）的那样、像 的一样 ” 的意思。例如：She is a fine singer，as her mother used to be她是一个很出色的歌唱家，和她母亲当年一样。She is the same age as you (are). 她和你年龄一样大。与 same.as 连用 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 16 页I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using. 我希望有一本和你正在用的一样的词典。 与 such.as 连用 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 正如水对鱼一样重要，空气对于人同样重要。She has married again，as was/seemed natural她又结婚了，这很自然。2、 as 常与从句中的know ， see， hear， expect 等动词连用， 也常用于 as often happens ， as is often the case （常有的事）等句子中。As you know, he is from Beijing. 正如你所知道的，他来自北京。As is known to everybody ，the moon travels round the earth once every month He was absent ， as is often the case 他没有上学，这是常事。As you will find out, all is now settled. 你将会看到这样的情况，一切都已搞定了。3、as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，既可位于所修饰的句子之后，也可位于句中或句首；而由which 引导的非限制性定语从句一般不位于句首。例如：As you will find out ，I will never let you down 你将会发现，我绝不会使你失望的。4、as 所引导的从句所表达的语意须和主句一致，而which 则无此限制。例如：She has married again，which was unexpected她又结婚了，真不可思议。（此处不可用as）关系副词引导的定语从句一、副词 where 引导的定语从句1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place ， room ， mountain ， airport 等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where 引导。例如： The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。在上述例句中，where 代表 in the cave ，作地点状语。2. 通常，引导定语从句的where 大都可以转换成“ 介词 which ” 的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、 宾语或表语时， 必须用关系代词that 或 which 引导定语从句，而不是用where 。试比较：The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which) people all over the world look forward to visiting长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization 长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。在第一句的定语从句中，visiting 是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where 不能作精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 16 页宾语，所以只能用which 或 that 引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where 作状语。二、系副词 when 引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time ， day， year， month ， week 等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when 引导。例如： Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2.与 where 一样，引导定语从句的when 也可以转换成“ 介词 which ” 的形式。例如：All the Chinese ， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。3.当先行词为the time ， the moment ， the day ， the minute等时，关系副词when 可以省略，也可以用that 引导。例如： The moment (that when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。Do you still remember the day we got to know each other你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？这时的定语从句（省略了when 或 that ） ，实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、 宾语或表语时， 必须用关系代词that 或 which 引导定语从句，而不是用when 。例如：The film reminded me of those miserable days (that which) I spent in my childhood 这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。三、关系副词why 引导的定语从句1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason 时，定语从句需要用关系副词why 引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。例如： Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？2.我们也可以用for which 来替代 why。例如：The reason why for which you failed ， I think ， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother s advice我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。注意： 在“the reason why sb does sth 从句 ” 的结构中， that 不能换成because 。定语从句错误分析初学定语从句时，同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正，然后参阅题后的分析。1 The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixon s daughter分析定语从句的引导词有两大类：一类是关系代词， 包括 that, which, who, whom和 whose。当先行词是指人的名词或代词时，要用who, whom 或 whose 来引导定语从句，并且，它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时，要用which精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 16 页来引导定语从句；而that 既可以指人，又可以指物。另一类是关系副词，常用的有where（表地点），when（表时间）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行词指人，所以应把which 改成 who 或 that 。2 The main topic people are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam 分析the main topic是先行词， people are about it at present是定语从句，其中关系代词 that 或 which 在句中作介词about 的宾语，被省略了。所以it 是重复的成分，应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误，应当十分注意。3 God bless this ship and all that sails in her！分析当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all，所以定语从句的谓语动词sails 应该用复数，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧！关于主谓一致，有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。4 Franklin D Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms 分析当先行词是 “the only one of the 复数名词 ” 时，定语从句的谓语动词要与one 保持一致，用单数当先行词是 “one of the 复数名词 ” 时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致，用复数。例如： The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space5 The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second 分析当介词提前时， 不能用关系代词that 或 who 引导定语从句， 而应该用 which 或 whom 。这儿的先行词speed 是表事物的名词，所以应该把that 改成 which ，而且不能省略（因为直接在介词后） 。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2 公里。6 This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home分析不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但是指物时，还可以用“the 名词 of which” 的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home或者 This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home7 Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides分析当先行词是表事物的不定代词，如all,everything,anything 时 ,关系代词要用that ，而不用 which ，故本句要把关系代词which 改为 that 。8 Whatever Saddam did couldn t change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected 分析that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句，即前面整个句子，所以本从句中的关系代词that 必须改为which 。 当然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引导非限定性定语从句，而且不可省略，whom 也不能用who 代替。例如： Mr. Robert, whom Ill invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature 分析该句中前后两句之间为逗号，且无连接词， 故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词book, 所以 it 应改为 which 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 16 页定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰名词或代词的从句，是一种形容词性的从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。1 关系代词： who whom whose which that 关系代词引导从句，代替先行词，在从句中充当一个成分，如：主语、宾语、定语等，所以在作主语时，动词的数要和先行词的数保持一致。 who-可作主语、宾语，作主语时，只能用who, who 作宾语时是非正式 This is the man who helped me. whom-作宾语（正式用法） ，在介词后只能用whom 人 This is the man whom I met in the street yesterday. (正式用法) This is the man who I met in the street yesterday. (非正式用法) whosewho的属格形式，用来指人，也可以用来指物 that- 可代替 who ,whom Which-可作主语，宾语物 eg. The watch which was lost has been found. eg. The fish (which) we bought were not fresh that-可作主语，宾语 eg. The letter that I receive was from my father. 当关系代词充当介词宾语时，可以把介词提前，也可以不提前，但是在含有介词的动词固定搭配中，介词只能放在原来的位置 eg. This is the teacher whom he worked with . This is the teacher with whom he worked . eg. This is the book for which you asked. This is the book which you asked for. eg. This is the pen which he has been looking for. (look for词组中for不能提前 ) 先行词是人时，常用who而不用 that 的情况：a.关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who，eg. I will pardon him who is honest. b.先行词为 all one ones anyone those 等时，eg. All who heard the news were excited. c.在以 there be 开头的句子中，eg. There is a girl who wants to see you. d.当先行词后有较长的修饰语时，eg. He met a boy in the street yesterday who could speak English fluently. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 16 页先行词指物的特殊情况：1 必须用 that的情况：a.先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时，eg. This is the first job that I have taken up. This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read. b.先行词是不定代词,something somebody nothing anything 等或是 all little much 时，eg. There is something that I want to tell you. c.先行词被all any every each few little no some much only none both either neither 等修饰时，eg. I have read all the books that you lent me. d.先行词被the only, the last, the very修饰时 , eg. This is the only method we can use. e.先行词又有人又有物时，eg. They talked about things and persons that they know in the school. f.主句以 who 或 which 开头时，eg. Who is the old man that speak to you just now ? g.先行词指物时，且在There be 句型引导的定语从句中，eg. There is a house that has three windows. h.关系代词作表语时，eg. China is no longer the place that it used to be. 2.必须用 which 的情况：a.个非限制性定语从句，b.句子末尾的介词提前时，只能用which, c.关系代词后有插入语时, eg. This is the book which, as I have told you, will help you to improve your English. （这就是我跟你说过的，能帮你学好英语的那本书。）关于 as 引导的定语从句，as 可以在限制性或非限制性定语从句中主语或宾语1 在限制性定语从句中，as 多和 such, the same 连用，eg. He told me his experience such ad I had never had before. I should like to use the same tool as is used here. 2. 非限制性定语从句中，as 所指的是它前面的整个主句， eg. Tom was admitted into the University, as we had hoped. as 和 which 在代替主语时的区别：a.as 可以提到句首，但是which 不可以，b.as 有“正如，就像”的意思，但是which 没有精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 16 页