进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会想起进入夏天，少不了一个热字当头，电扇空调陆续登场，每逢此时，总会想起那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记忆中的故那一把蒲扇。蒲扇，是记忆中的农村，夏季经常用的一件物品。记忆中的故乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老少，个个手持乡，每逢进入夏天，集市上最常见的便是蒲扇、凉席，不论男女老少，个个手持一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着一把，忽闪忽闪个不停，嘴里叨叨着“怎么这么热怎么这么热”，于是三五成群，聚在大树，于是三五成群，聚在大树下，或站着，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑边乘凉。孩子们却在周下，或站着，或随即坐在石头上，手持那把扇子，边唠嗑边乘凉。孩子们却在周围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到围跑跑跳跳，热得满头大汗，不时听到“强子，别跑了，快来我给你扇扇强子，别跑了，快来我给你扇扇”。孩。孩子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时子们才不听这一套，跑个没完，直到累气喘吁吁，这才一跑一踮地围过了，这时母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，母亲总是，好似生气的样子，边扇边训，“你看热的，跑什么？你看热的，跑什么？”此时这把蒲扇，此时这把蒲扇，是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲的味道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在是那么凉快，那么的温馨幸福，有母亲的味道！蒲扇是中国传统工艺品，在我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表我国已有三千年多年的历史。取材于棕榈树，制作简单，方便携带，且蒲扇的表面光滑，因而，古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即面光滑，因而，古人常会在上面作画。古有棕扇、葵扇、蒲扇、蕉扇诸名，实即今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非今日的蒲扇，江浙称之为芭蕉扇。六七十年代，人们最常用的就是这种，似圆非圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，圆，轻巧又便宜的蒲扇。蒲扇流传至今，我的记忆中，它跨越了半个世纪，也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长也走过了我们的半个人生的轨迹，携带着特有的念想，一年年，一天天，流向长长的时间隧道，袅长的时间隧道，袅国际商务希尔0027eChapter 2 National Differences in Political Economy2-32-42-52-62-72-82-9Classroom Performance System_ believe (s) that socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship.a) communistsb) social democratsc) social republicansd) Plato 2-10Collectivism And IndividualismvIndividualism refers to philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his own economic and political pursuitsvIndividualism can be traced to Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384-322 BC), who argued that individual diversity and private ownership are desirable vUnder individualism, individual economic and political freedoms are the ground rules on which a society should be based vMore practically, individualism means democratic political systems and free market economies 2-11Democracy And TotalitarianismvDemocracy refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representativesvTotalitarianism is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political partiesvDemocracy is usually associated with individualism and communism is usually associated with collectivism and totalitarianism2-12Democracy And TotalitarianismvPure democracy is based on the belief that citizens should be directly involved in decision makingvMost modern democratic states practice representative democracy where citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them 2-13Classroom Performance SystemA form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracyb) a representative democracyc) totalitarianismd) socialism 2-14Democracy And TotalitarianismThere are four major forms of totalitarianism:vCommunist totalitarianism found in states where the communist party monopolizes powervTheocratic totalitarianism - found in states where political power is monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious principlesvTribal totalitarianism - found in states where a political party that represents the interests of a particular tribe monopolizes powervRight-wing totalitarianism - permits some individual economic freedom, but restricts individual political freedom 2-15Classroom Performance System_ is found in states where political power is monopolized by a party according to religious principles.a) tribal totalitarianismb) right-wing totalitarianismc) theocratic totalitarianismd) communist totalitarianism 2-16Economic SystemsvPolitical ideology and economic systems are connectedvIn countries where individual goals are emphasized free market economies are likelyThere are three types of economic systems:vmarket economiesvcommand economiesvmixed economies2-17Market EconomyvIn a market economy all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand vThe role of government is to encourage free and fair competition between private producers2-18Command EconomyvIn a command economy, the government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity that is produced, and the prices as which they are soldvAll businesses are state-owned, and governments allocate resources for “the good of society”vHowever, because there is little incentive to control costs and be efficient, command economies tend to stagnate 2-19Mixed EconomyvIn a mixed economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planningvGovernments tend to own firms that are considered important to national security2-20Classroom Performance SystemIn which type of economic system are all productive activities privately owned?a) a mixed economyb) a command economyc) a representative economyd) a market economy 2-21Legal SystemsvThe legal system of a country refers to the rules that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtainedThere are three types of legal systems:vCommon law - based on tradition, precedent, and customvCivic law - based on detailed set of laws organized into codesvTheocratic law - law is based on religious teachings 2-22Classroom Performance SystemWhich type of law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom?a) civil lawb) common lawc) theocratic lawd) contract law 2-23Differences In Contract LawvDepending on the legal system, contracts are approached in different ways vA contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and details the rights and obligations of the parties involvedvContract law is the body of law that governs contract enforcement2-24Differences In Contract LawvUnder a common law system, contracts tend to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled outvUnder a civil law system, contracts tend to be much shorter and less specific because many issues are already covered in the civil code2-25Differences In Contract LawvMany countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CIGS) which establishes a uniform set of rules governing certain aspects of the making and performance of everyday commercial contracts between buyers and sellers who have their places of business in different nations2-26Property Rights And CorruptionvProperty rights refer to the legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resourcevCountries differ in terms of how their legal systems define and protect property rightsProperty rights can be violated through:vprivate actionvpublic action 2-27Property Rights And CorruptionvPublic action and private action to violate property rights occurs when public officials extort income, resources, or the property itself from property holders vThis can be done legally through mechanisms like excessive taxation or illegally through corrupt mechanisms like demanding bribes or blackmailing vHigh levels of corruption reduce foreign direct investment, the level of international trade, and the economic growth rate in a country 2-28Property Rights And CorruptionFigure 2.1: Rankings of Corruption by Country 20062-29Property Rights And CorruptionvThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it illegal for U.S. companies to bribe foreign government officials to obtain or maintain business over which that foreign official has authorityvThe OECD has also adopted a convention that obliges member states to make the bribery of foreign public officials a criminal offense 2-30Classroom Performance SystemWhich country is not among the most corrupt countries in the world?a) Haitib) Indonesiac) Malaysiad) Nigeria 2-31The Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights vIntellectual property refers to property that is the product of intellectual activityIntellectual property can be protected using:vPatents exclusive rights for a defined period to the manufacture, use, or sale of that inventionvCopyrights the exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and disperse their work as they see fitvTrademarks design and names by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products 2-32The Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights vProtection of intellectual property rights differs from country to country when intellectual property protection is lax, piracy is common vMany countries are members of the World Intellectual Property Organization and have signed international treaties to protect intellectual property including the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial PropertyvTo avoid piracy, firms can stay away from countries where intellectual property laws are lax, file lawsuits, and lobby governments for international property rights agreements and enforcement 2-33Classroom Performance SystemDesign and names by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products are calleda) trademarksb) copyrightsc) patentsd) name brands 2-34Product Safety And Product Liability vProperty safety laws set certain standards to which a product must adherevProduct liability involves holding a firm and its officers responsible when a product causes injury, death, or damage vWhen product safety laws are stricter in a firms home country than in a foreign country, or when liability laws are more lax, the firm has to decide whether to adhere to home country or host country standards2-35The Determinants Of Economic Development vCountries have different levels of economic developmentvGross national income (GNI) per person is a common measure of economic development vPurchasing power parity (PPP) involves adjusting GNI by purchasing power 2-36Differences In Economic DevelopmentTable 2.1: Economic Data for Select Countries2-37Broader Conceptions Of Development: Amartya SenvNobel Prize winning economist Amartya Sen argues that development should be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people experience vSo, development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom like poverty, tyranny, and neglect of public facilitiesvSen emphasizes basic health care and basic educationvThe United Nations used Sens ideas to develop the Human Development Index (HDI) which is based on three measures: life expectancy at birth, educational attainment, and whether average incomes are sufficient to meet the basic needs of life in a country 2-38Political Economy And Economic ProgressWhat is the relationship between political economy and economic progress? Experts agree that:vInnovation and entrepreneurship are the engines of long-run economic growthvInnovation and entrepreneurship require a market economyvInnovation and entrepreneurship require strong property rightsvIt seems likely that democratic regimes are more conducive to long-term economic growth than a dictatorship, even one of the benevolent kindvSubsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes2-39Geography, Education, And Economic DevelopmentvIn addition to political and economic systems, geography and education are also important determinants of economic developmentvCountries with favorable geography are more likely to engage in trade, and so, be more open to market-based economic systems, and the economic growth they promotevCountries that invest in education have higher growth rates because the workforce is more productive 2-40Classroom Performance SystemWhich is not a primary determinant of a nations rate of economic development?a) its political systemb) its economic systemc) its geographyd) its currency 2-41States In TransitionSince the late 1980s, two trends have emerged in the political economy: vA wave of democratic revolutions swept the world in the late 1980s and early 1990svThere has been a move away from centrally planned and mixed economies and toward a more free market economic model2-42The Spread Of DemocracyThere are three main reasons for the spread of democracy:vMany totalitarian regimes failed to deliver economic progress to the vast bulk of their populationsvNew information and communication technologies, have broken down the ability of the state to control access to uncensored informationvThe economic advances of the past quarter century have led to the emergence of increasingly prosperous middle and working classes who have pushed for democratic reforms 2-43The Spread Of DemocracyMap 2.5: Political Freedom in 20062-44The New World Order And Global TerrorismvMany countries may be increasingly difficult places in which to do business, either because of their inherent violent conflict, or because they are part of a civilization that is in conflict with an enterprises home countryvTerrorism represents one of the major threats to world peace and economic progress in the 21st century 2-45The Spread Of Market-Based SystemsvCommand and mixed-economies failed to deliver the kind of sustained economic performance that was achieved by countries adopting market-based systemsvAs a result, more countries have shifted toward the market-based model 2-46The Spread Of Market-Based SystemsMap 2.6: Distribution of Economic Freedom in 2007 2-47The Nature Of Economic TransformationThe shift toward a market-based system involves:vDeregulation removing legal restrictions to the free play of markets, the establishment of private enterprises, and the manner in which private enterprises operate vPrivatization -transfers the ownership of state property into the hands of private investorsvThe creation of a legal system to safeguard property rights2-48Implications Of Changing EconomyvMarkets that were formerly off-limits to Western business are now openvChina with its 1.2 billion people and India with its population of almost 1 billion are especially importantvHowever, just as the potential gains are large, so are the risksvDemocracy may not thrive in some countries 2-49Implications Of Changing Political EconomyFigure 2.3: The Worlds Largest National Economies, 2005-2025 (GDP $ billions)2-50Implications For ManagersThere are two broad implications for managers:vthe political, economic, and legal systems of a country raise important ethical issues that have implications for the practice of international businessvthe political, economic, and legal environment of a country clearly influences the attractiveness of that country as a market and/or investment site2-51BenefitsvThe long-run benefits of doing business in a country are a function of the size of the market, the present wealth of consumers in that market, and the likely future wealth of consumers vBy identifying and investing early in a potential future economic stars, firms may be able to gain first mover advantages (advantages that accrue to early entrants into a market) and establish loyalty and experience in a country2-52CostsThe costs of doing business in a country are influenced by political, economic, and legal factors:vPolitical costs include the cost of paying bribes or lobbying for favorable or fair treatment vEconomic costs relate primarily to the sophistication of the economic system, including the infrastructure and supporting businessesvIt can be more costly to do business in countries with dramatically different product, workplace, and pollution standards, or where there is poor legal protection for property rights 2-53RisksThe risks of doing business are determined by a number of political, economic, and legal factors:vPolitical risk is the likelihood that political forces will cause drastic changes in a countrys business environment that adversely affects the profit and other goals of a business enterprise vEconomic risk is the likelihood that economic mismanagement will cause drastic changes in a countrys business environment that adversely affects the profit and other goals of a business enterprise vLegal risk is the likelihood that a trading partner will opportunistically break a contract or expropriate property rights 2-54Overall AttractivenessvThe overall attractiveness of a country as a potential market and/or investment site for an international business depends on balancing the benefits, costs, and risks associated with doing business in that countryvOther things being equal, the benefit-cost-risk trade-off is likely to be most favorable in politically stable developed and developing nations that have free market systems and no dramatic upsurge in either inflation rates or private sector debt 结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！55