教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点(5.4) （Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 5.4）Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 5.4 Fourth section of middle school students personality development I. personality overview (1) the concept of personality Personality is the organic integration of ones intellect, emotion, desire, values and habits of behavior, it gives people adapt to the unique environment of the organization mode, complex knowledge, emotion, consciousness and behavior is the result of the interaction of heredity and environment, contains a past influence as well as of now and in the future the construction. (two) the basic character of personality; the integrity of 1. personality A real person has many psychological factors and characteristics, such as intelligence, emotion, desire, values and habits, but they are not isolated, but closely linked and integrated into an organic organization. A real mans behavior is not only a specific part of the operation of the results, and always close contact with other parts of coordinated 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页activities. 2., the stability of personality The stability performance of personality into two aspects: one is the personality of the cross time continuity. In the different stages of life, personality continuity as the first manifestation of persistent self. The two is the cross situational consistency of personality. The personality refers to stable psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person often expressed and the temporary, occasionally behavior does not belong to personality characteristics. For example, an outgoing students are not only good at communication in school, love friends, love in the school of communication, love the party, although he occasionally keeps a certain distance with others, show a quiet mood. 3., the uniqueness of personality Unique personality refers to the psychological and behavior between people are different. The diversity of combination of personality structure, each persons personality has its own characteristics. In daily life, we can observe whenever and wherever possible to each persons actions are different from others, each person all have their needs, hobbies, cognition, emotion, volition and values. 4., the social nature of personality Social personality refers to such social animal become members of society. Personality is the unique social person. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页Personality is formed in the genetic and biological basis of individual, restricted by the individual biological characteristics. In this sense it can be said that personality is a comprehensive individual nature and social the people who meet the need of food. For example, the content and the way is affected by the specific social and historical conditions. Therefore, can be summed up: personality is a complex of characteristics of individual stable, showing a unique pattern of individual thoughts, emotions and behaviors. This unique mode is the result of individual socialization, but also affect the interaction of the individual and the environment. (three) temperament and personality Personality is a concept of meaning is very rich, which includes the psychological characteristics of temperament and character stability. Personality temperament is individual early in life to show the stability of individual differences, namely those of psychology and behavior by genetic and physiological characteristics of the decision. The concept and we usually say temperament, temper approximation. Pavlov according to the intensity of nervous process, balance and flexibility, the higher nervous activity type of animal and human beings into four kinds: excited, lively, quiet and restrained, and the corresponding is choleric and balgam, and depression. Types and characteristics of higher nervous activity 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页Temperament and personality are different. The main difference is: (1) temperament is determined by biological factors, can not be changed, and the essence of personality is formed by individual life experience, because experience and new change; (2) in the early stage have temperament appear, and personality appeared relatively late; (3) to observe the temperament in the animal body, and there is no animal personality; (4) temperament is revealed from the persons mood, speech and deportment in specific content, does not involve the behavior, and personality characteristics and behavior of the content may be the relevant (such as academic trait anxiety); (5) the behavior of higher cognitive process control and personality related, It has nothing to do with temperament (four) character and personality Personal reality stable attitudes and habits of behavior is the character. In the external environment especially under the influence of the social environment, the unique behavior patterns formed by the individual life practice, cognition, emotion and volition, is the persons character. Personality is the mode of existence of a person, is the product of individual genetic quality and environment interaction. Personality temperament is innate, is a natural expression of physical and genetic, it is difficult to change, no good or bad; the personality of the character is acquired, is the social and cultural patterns of engraving, is likely to change, there is good or bad. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页From the influence of personality temperament. First of all, the formation of temperament will affect the individual character. Because the character directly depends on the nature and methods in education and social interaction. A variable temperament is the formation of personality in the early stages of individual development will emerge, which will affect the behavior of different parents or other people. The interaction of individual and social environment of different nature. Secondly, according to their own temperament can render dynamic character, so that the character has a unique color. For example, the same character is helpful and sanguine in helping people often agility, emotion is apparent on the outside, the mucus quality may act calm, do not show emotion on the outside. Once again, temperament will also affect the character formation or transformation speed. For example, to the formation of self-control, choleric people often need A great deal of effort and restraint is required, while a depressed person is more likely to develop without having to control himself From the point of view of the character of temperament, personality can also hide or change the temperament to a certain extent, so it is subject to the practice of life. For example, the Scouts must have a calm and brave personality. In strict military training practice, these forms may conceal or transform the choleric the character of impulsive and unrestrained temperament. Two, factors affecting personality development The formation and development of personality can not be 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页separated from the relationship between innate heredity and acquired environment. Psychologists believe that personality is formed and developed gradually under the interaction of heredity and environment (I) biological genetic factors Because personality has strong stability characteristics, personality researchers pay more attention to the role of genetic factors. According to the existing research results, the role of heredity on personality is summarized as follows 1. heredity is an essential factor in personality The extent of the 2. genetic factors on personality with personality traits are different. Usually in intelligence, temperament and biological factors of these traits, the more important the role of genetic factors; and the relationship between values and beliefs, personality and social factors closely traits, environmental effects may be more important. 3. the development of personality is genetic and environmental factors of two people. The result of the interaction of both biological properties, and has the social attribute. People in the embryonic state, the influence of environmental factors on the start, this effect will continue in ones life. The factor of environment is diverse, small family factors to social and cultural factors. Have an important effect on the formation and development of personality of these factors. (two) social and cultural factors 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 15 页Everyone in the specific social and cultural environment, the cultural influence on personality is extremely important. Social culture personality of the members of the society, the personality structure of its members towards the direction of the development of this similarity, the similarity with the function of maintaining social stability, and that every person can be firmly embedded in the whole cultural form. (three) family environment factors Study on the causes of family personality, focusing on family differences (including family structure, economic conditions, living environment, family atmosphere etc.) and different parenting styles of personality development and personality differences. The study found that authoritative parenting parents behave in their childrens education is too dominant, All the children by their parents to control growth. In this environment, children are easy to form the negative and passive, dependent, obedience, weakness, lack of character initiative, sometimes forming personality dishonest. Indulgent parenting styles of parents of children over indulgence, let the children want parents to. Children sometimes appear out of control. The growth in the home environment in which children were willful, childish, selfish, rude and barbaric, poor independence, outrageous nonsense. Parents and children democratic parenting styles in the family in an equal and harmonious atmosphere, parents respect the child, give the child the autonomy and positive guidance. This kind of parenting style can make children form positive personality traits, such as lively, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 15 页happy, straightforward, self-reliance, refined and courteous It is true that the family is indeed a factory of human character, and it shapes peoples different personality traits (four) early childhood experience; The saying goes: three years, seven years old. the impact of early life events on personality, has been emphasized by personality psychologists. It needs to be emphasized that the development of personality in spite of childhood experience, happy childhood is conducive to the healthy development of individual personality, unhappy childhood may the individual will form a bad personality, but the two are not the one-to-one relationship. For example, doting may also make children form a bad personality, adversity may also bring out the child strong character. In addition, early experience no effect on personality, and other factors together determine the formation and development of personality. (five) natural physical factors These physical factors of ecological environment, climate, space congestion will affect the formation and development of personality. For example, the temperature will increase the frequency of certain personality characteristics, such as hot weather makes people restless. But the natural environment on personality does not play a decisive role. In different physical environment, people can the behavior of different characteristics. Three, personality theory 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 15 页(1) Freuds theory of personality development Freuds psychoanalysis. His personality system is huge, cover and contain everything that is unconscious instinct theory driven, juvenile life experience determines the individual future destiny. The subconscious instinctual drives as the central concept and set up the theory, also known as the spiritual motivation theory. Freud regards personality as a dynamic system made up of three mental structures, namely, ID, ego and superego. Most of human behavior is the result of the interaction of ID, ego and superego The ID is the only personality structure inherent, composed of biological instinct and desire. I follow the principle of happiness act, without regard to any physical or social constraints, and demands to be satisfied immediately. When the baby saw what he wants, whether it is not something others or potentially harmful. Hell get it. I fling caution to the winds to the impulse is subconscious, we are not perceived. In the first two years of interaction with the outside world, the second part of the personality structure of the self - developed gradually. Self follow the principle of reality. That is to say, the task is to measure the self reality under the condition of satisfying the ID impulses. The ID impulses are not usually allowed by society, so selfs job is to these impulses remain in the subconscious. Self is different from the ID, free to operate on the perceived awareness, conscious and 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 15 页subconscious mind. When the children grow up to 5 years or so, the third part of the personality structure of the superego - began to form. Superego represents the needs of the society, especially from parents values and standards. The superego part called conscience, is a personal moral standards. When the individual acts in violation of the standards, will be affected by the conscience the blame and guilt. Another part of the superego is called the ego ideal, is a personal behavior by parents who praise or reward in childhood. The ego ideal is a source of personal goals and aspirations, When this standard is achieved, it takes pride in it. The three part of the personality structure is always in a state of counterbalance. The ego of a healthy person prevents the ego and the superego from over manipulating their personality, Self is to find a way to meet at the same time, the ID and superego needs. However, it is often quite difficult. The subconscious is the battlefield personality of the three part. The self is to keep in touch with reality, but also coordination personality the other two parts. (two) Ericksons theory of social development stage 1. stages of personality development Erickson put the personality development as a gradual process, which is extended to the entire course of peoples life, the eight stages that personality development will go through the 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 15 页same sequence, each stage in the development of individual faces crisis and development tasks. (1) basic trust and basic distrust (0-1.5 years old) The development task at this stage is the development of the world, especially the basic attitude of the social environment, cultivate a sense of trust. The first basic conflicts faced by childrens trust trust. This trust or distrust, stage of development in the future, will be extended to the parents of other people. Therefore, the established between infancy and parents to trust individual social relations as the foundation, will be the foundation of personality he will establish good interpersonal relationship with others. (2) sense of autonomy, shame and suspicion (2-3 years old) The development task of this stage is to cultivate independence. Erickson believes that at this stage of the children with double desire: not only to gain the support of parents, but also for parents to let themselves. The children attempt to handle things, if parents allow children to do what they can and do, encourage childrens independent exploration wish, children will gradually realize their ability, cultivate the autonomous personality; on the other hand, parents dote on and protect or excessive criticism may make children doubts about her self and the environment control ability, to produce a sense of shame. This stage can develop smoothly according to social demands to behavior psychological disorders; characteristics of development is lack of confidence, action overcautious. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 15 页(3) initiative and guilt (4-5 years old); The development task of this stage is to cultivate the initiative. Due to the development of physical activity and language, children are likely to extend to his activities outside the family. However, the limited ability often makes active children by adults is prohibited, so that they feel guilty, which may reduce the childrens enthusiasm. Therefore, this stage the crisis is not only to the development of childrens own initiative, but also to avoid activities that may be prohibited. This stage of the development of the psychological characteristics of smooth active curiosity, has the direction of action, began to have a sense of responsibility; mental disorders is a feature of the development of fear, lack of self-worth. (4) sense of diligence and inferiority (6-11 years old) The stage of the development task is to develop the sense of diligence. During this period, the majority of children have entered the school, the first time to accept social give him and expect him to complete the task. If children get the society more successful experience in learning and other collective activities, helps children develop hardworking personality, and the frustration and the failure led to a sense of inferiority. If the first three stages of the impact on children is the biggest family factors, then this stage for children is the biggest factor. The school stage form of hardworking personality will be extended to a year, so happy to work and can well adapt to the society. If the formation of inferiority often, is an important reason for later academic decadence. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 15 页(5) self identity is confusing to roles (1218 years old) The development task of this stage is to cultivate self identity. Self identity refers to the individual organizations own ability, motivation, beliefs and activities experience and the formation of the self consistency of the image. As a teenager, who I am has become an important problem. They can put all their image into a comprehensive a meaningful whole, For your past, present and future have a same intrinsic and continuous. At the same time, they also began to understand the similarities and differences of ourselves and others, understanding the association now and in the future in society. This stage of the development of the psychological characteristics of the smooth is a clear self concept and self seeking direction; the psychological characteristics of the development of disability is life without purpose, no direction, sometimes feel lost. (6) intimacy and loneliness (early adulthood) The development task of this stage is to establish new relationships, overcome the conflict between intimacy and loneliness. This period is too early for people love and family life period, in this period, individuals are often very concerned and pay attention to the mirror self impression management, focus on the future and development of personal intimacy development. Smooth and others; development disorder and social alienation, and lonely. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 15 页(7) the sense of reproduction to the sense of stagnation (middle adulthood) The development task of this stage is to show their production capability and creativity ability, it is used to raise the next generation and social care. The psychological characteristics of the smooth development of the love of family, society, a sense of responsibility and sense of responsibility; psychological characteristics development disorder does not care about other people and the society, the lack of the meaning of life. (8) self integration towards hopelessness (later adulthood) The development of this stage of individuals affected by the former several stages of development greatly. People look back on my life, to solve the same crisis eventually. The smooth development will follow ones inclinations, age; psychological characteristics of developmental disabilities is regret old, disappointed and depressed. 2., Ericksons theory of personality development in Education (1) appropriate education is conducive to the healthy development of childrens personality Ericksons theory tells us that only appropriate education can contribute to the healthy growth of children. Appropriate education must be consistent with the psychological characteristics of children, children can meet the psychological needs of the family and school education. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 15 页Designed for children education situation must meet the requirements, can be conducive to childrens growth. (2) help students build a sense of diligence and overcome inferiority complex Erickson believes that the guidance of well teachers on students sense of diligence is important, emphasizes teachers evaluation of students behavior and classroom organization has an important influence on childrens self concept. Therefore, teachers must have a positive view of the students, and the behavior of students and make a positive evaluation. (3) to defuse the crisis of self identity and role confusion Youth is a turbulent age, all in the period of upheaval. Young people want to be known as adults, they are willing to express their adult behavior. Based on this, we should respect their independence, not the students when a child; give clear instructions to complete capable of independent tasks; paying more attention to peer exchanges between and influence; encourage young people to self education. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 15 页