Fuels from Oil Shale and Tar Sands Nature of resourceSizeWhats required to produce/processIssuesAtomic H/C RatiosFrom Wiser, 2000Arrow in direction ofSolid-liquid-gasEase of transportLess solids pollutionLess air contaminationSmaller viscosityOil from shale, tar sandNote: scale is a continuumClassification Based on Viscosity.Roughly. At room temperature- m m 10 cp is a light oil- m m 10,000 is a heavy oil- m m 106 is bitumenClassification Based Non-organic Sediment.H/C Ratio43210080% Non-Organic SedimentCoalNat. GasCrudeTar SandsOil ShaleThe Canadian Oil SandsThe US consumes annually 7 x 109 bbl oil The Alberta Canada (Athabascan) oil (tar) sands contain 2 x 1011 bbl oil, recoverable at current price, matching the recoverable reserves of Saudi Arabia The 2005 Albertan tar oil production was 4 x 108 bblEconomic History of the Canadian Oil SandsCommercial production of oil from the Athabasca oil sands began in 1967, when Suncor opened its first mine. Development was soon inhibited by declining world oil prices. The second mine, operated by Syncrude, began operating in 1978. As the price of oil subsided after the Arab oil embargo, the plug was again pulled on new developments. The third mine, operated by Shell Canada started operating only in 2003. With the 2004-2006 oil price increases, and the production cost being $ 35-$ 38, the existing mines have been greatly expanded and new ones are being plannedWhere Will the Tar Oil Go?An agreement has been signed between PetroChina and Enbridge to build a 400,000 barrel-per-day pipeline from Edmonton, Alberta to the west-coast port of Kitimat BC to export synthetic crude oil from the oil sands to China plus a 150,000 bpd pipeline running the other way to import condensate to dilute the bitumen so it will flow.Sinopec, Chinas largest refining and chemical company, and China National Petroleum Corporation have bought shares in major oil sands companiesIndia invested $1 billion in the Athabasca Oil Sands in 2006. Four Indian companies are involvedThe Oil Sand Crude: BitumenTar Sands.Nature: Highly viscous hydrocarbon found with 80-90%non-organic materialSize: large deposits in California, Alberta, VenezuelaConventional mining/processingIn situ injection of steam Issues.-Energy intensive-Several commercial processes-Cogeneration helps-Low quality crude oilShale OilOil shales are rocks rich in organic matter (kerogen) The oil is derived through retorting, i.e. pyrolysis in the absence of air, at 445-500 CThe worldwide reserves of oil shale are estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels of recoverable oil. 1.0-1.2 trillion barrels are in the US Oil shale is can be burned as is, but it is a low-grade fuel Oil shale is currently mined in Estonia, Brazil and ChinaHistory of US Shale Oil 1964-1980 On-Again, Off Again1964 Colony oil shale project of Tosco, Sohio and Cleveland Cliffs1972 Colony oil shale project halted after 270,000 bbls were produced. Occidental Petroleum conducts in-situ oil shale experiments at Logan, WA. Shell researches Piceance Creek in-situ steam injection process for oil shale. Oil drops $ 20/bbl1974 Unocal develops new “Union B” retort process; Shell and Ashland join Colony Project. Oil prices increase, at $41/bbl1976 Unocal begins planning commercial scale plant at Parachute Creek to be built when investment is economical 1977 Oil prices drop. Superior Oil abandons plan for Meeker oil shale plant planned since 19721979 Shell, Ashland, Cleveland Cliffs and Sohio sell interests in Colony to ARCO and Tosco; Shell sells leases to Occidental and Tenneco. 1980 Exxon buys Arcos Colony interest and in 1981 starts Colony II construction, designed for 47,000 bbl/d by the Tosco II retort process; Unocal plans Long Ridge 50 000 bbl/d plant applying “Union B” retort; Amoco Rio Blanco produces 1,900 bbls of in-situ oil1981 Exxon begins to build Battlement Mesa company town for oil shale workers; Second Rio Blanco in-situ retort demonstration produces 24,400 bbls of shale oil1982 Oil demand falls and crude oil prices collapse; Exxon closes Colony II due to cost and poor demand; Shell continues in-situ experiments at Red Pinnacle and labs through 19831985 Congress abolishes Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program 1987 Shell purchases Ertl-Mahogany and Pacific tracts in Colorado; Exxon sells Battlement Mesa for retirement community1991 Occidental closes C-b tract project before first retort begins operation; Unocal closes Long Ridge after 5 MM bbls and 10 years for operational issues and losses.1997 Shell tests in-situ heating on Mahogany property; defers further work on economic basis.2000 Shell returns to Mahogany with expanded in-situ heating technology research plan (ongoing)History of US Shale Oil 1981-2000Oil Shale.Nature: Semi-solid hydrocarbon (kerogen) found with 80-90%non-organic materialSize: enormous.130 billion bbl of oil equivalent in Green River shale (Rocky Mountains).US has 62% of world supplyTo produce: bring to surface and retort (heating to 400 deg C) converts kerogen to crudeIssues.-Excavating issues-Generate large amount of depleted shale-Energy intensive-No commercial processeshttp:/www.emdaapg.org/Oil%20Shale.htmIn-Situ MethodsTrue In Situ (TIS)-Fracture oil shale-Inject air-Ignite shaleModified In Situ (MIS)-Mine above or below targeted shale deposit-Fill void with rubbished shale-Ignite shaleIn Situ Conversion Process (ICP)-Drill shafts into the oil-bearing rock-Drop heaters down the shafts-Cook the rock until the hydrocarbons boil offSchematic of In Situ Retorting.From Shepherd and Shepherd, 1998Shells ICP TechnologyShells ICP Technology“Freeze wall” technology-Drill shafts 8-12 ft apart around perimeter of productive site-Put in piping-Pump refrigerants through-Freezes water in the ground around the shafts-Forms a 20- to 30-foot ice barrier around the siteShells ICP TechnologyICP AdvantagesReduced environmental impactReduction of costs in mining, transportation, and crushingFavorable energy balanceMore desirable gradeGreater production depthsExtraction from leaner shaleQuick production dropICP DisadvantagesLarge amount of water required Time Reliable heater technologyHeater durability Economic ViabilityPoint of ProfitEROEI(Energy Returned on Energy Invested) Ex Situ$70 95 per barrel0.7 13.3ICP $30 per barrel3-4