COSO新框架新框架COSOInternal ControlIntegrated Framework1Table of Contents2COSO & Project Overview3COSO Overview Internal Control Publications19922006200920134Original FrameworkCOSOs Internal ControlIntegrated Framework (1992 Edition)Refresh ObjectivesUpdated FrameworkCOSOs Internal ControlIntegrated Framework (2013 Edition)Broadens ApplicationClarifies RequirementsArticulate principles to facilitate effective internal control Why update what works The Framework has become the most widely adopted control framework worldwide. Updates ContextEnhancements Reflect changes in business & operating environmentsExpand operations and reporting objectives5Project timetableAssess & Survey StakeholdersDesign & BuildPublic Exposure, Assess & RefineFinalize20102011201220136Project participantsCOSO Board of DirectorsCOSO Advisory CouncilAICPAAAAFEIIIAIMAPublic Accounting FirmsRegulatory observers (SEC, GAO, FDIC, PCAOB)Others (IFAC, ISACA, others)PwCAuthor &Project LeaderStakeholdersOver 700 stakeholders in Framework responded to global survey during 2011Over 200 stakeholders publically commented on proposed updates to Framework during first quarter of 2012Over 50 stakeholders publically commented on proposed updates in last quarter of 20127Project deliverable #1 Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Edition) Consists of three volumes:Executive SummaryFramework and AppendicesIllustrative Tools for Assessing Effectiveness of a System of Internal ControlSets out: Definition of internal controlCategories of objectivesComponents and principles of internal controlRequirements for effectiveness8Project deliverable #2 Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: A Compendium.9Internal ControlIntegrated Framework10Update expected to increase ease of use and broaden applicationWhat is not changing.What is changing.Core definition of internal controlThree categories of objectives and five components of internal controlEach of the five components of internal control are required for effective internal controlImportant role of judgment in designing, implementing and conducting internal control, and in assessing its effectiveness Changes in business and operating environments consideredOperations and reporting objectives expandedFundamental concepts underlying five components articulated as principlesAdditional approaches and examples relevant to operations, compliance, and non-financial reporting objectives added11Environments changes.have driven Framework updatesExpectations for governance oversightGlobalization of markets and operationsChanges and greater complexity in businessDemands and complexities in laws, rules, regulations, and standardsExpectations for competencies and accountabilitiesUse of, and reliance on, evolving technologiesExpectations relating to preventing and detecting fraud COSO Cube (2013 Edition)Update considers changes in business and operating environments12Control EnvironmentRisk AssessmentControl ActivitiesInformation & CommunicationMonitoring ActivitiesUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control1.Demonstrates commitment to integrity and ethical values2.Exercises oversight responsibility3.Establishes structure, authority and responsibility4.Demonstrates commitment to competence5.Enforces accountability6.Specifies suitable objectives7.Identifies and analyzes risk8.Assesses fraud risk9.Identifies and analyzes significant change10.Selects and develops control activities11. Selects and develops general controls over technology12.Deploys through policies and procedures13.Uses relevant information14.Communicates internally15.Communicates externally16.Conducts ongoing and/or separate evaluations17.Evaluates and communicates deficiencies13Control EnvironmentUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control (continued)1.The organization demonstrates a commitment to integrity and ethical values. 2.The board of directors demonstrates independence from management and exercises oversight of the development and performance of internal control.3.Management establishes, with board oversight, structures, reporting lines, and appropriate authorities and responsibilities in the pursuit of objectives. 4.The organization demonstrates a commitment to attract, develop, and retain competent individuals in alignment with objectives. 5.The organization holds individuals accountable for their internal control responsibilities in the pursuit of objectives.146. The organization specifies objectives with sufficient clarity to enable the identification and assessment of risks relating to objectives.7. The organization identifies risks to the achievement of its objectives across the entity and analyzes risks as a basis for determining how the risks should be managed. 8. The organization considers the potential for fraud in assessing risks to the achievement of objectives.9. The organization identifies and assesses changes that could significantly impact the system of internal control. Risk AssessmentUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control (continued)1510. The organization selects and develops control activities that contribute to the mitigation of risks to the achievement of objectives to acceptable levels. 11. The organization selects and develops general control activities over technology to support the achievement of objectives. 12.The organization deploys control activities through policies that establish what is expected and procedures that put policies into place.Control ActivitiesUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control (continued)1613. The organization obtains or generates and uses relevant, quality information to support the functioning of internal control. 14. The organization internally communicates information, including objectives and responsibilities for internal control, necessary to support the functioning of internal control. 15.The organization communicates with external parties regarding matters affecting the functioning of internal control. Information & CommunicationUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control (continued)1716. The organization selects, develops, and performs ongoing and/or separate evaluations to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning. 17.The organization evaluates and communicates internal control deficiencies in a timely manner to those parties responsible for taking corrective action, including senior management and the board of directors, as appropriate. Monitoring ActivitiesUpdate articulates principles of effective internal control (continued)18Update clarifies requirements for effective internal controlEffective internal control provides reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives and requires that:Each component and each relevant principle is present and functioningThe five components are operating together in an integrated mannerEach principle is suitable to all entities; all principles are presumed relevant except in rare situations where management determines that a principle is not relevant to a component (e.g., governance, technology)Components operate together when all components are present and functioning and internal control deficiencies aggregated across components do not result in one or more major deficienciesA major deficiency represents an internal control deficiency or combination thereof that severely reduces the likelihood that an entity can achieve its objectives19Update describes important characteristics of principles, e.g.,Points of focus may not be suitable or relevant, and others may be identifiedPoints of focus may facilitate designing, implementing, and conducting internal controlThere is no requirement to separately assess whether points of focus are in placeControl Environment1.The organization demonstrates a commitment to integrity and ethical values. Points of Focus:Sets the Tone at the TopEstablishes Standards of ConductEvaluates Adherence to Standards of ConductAddresses Deviations in a Timely Manner20Update describes the role of controls to effect principlesThe Framework does not prescribe controls to be selected, developed, and deployed for effective internal controlAn organizations selection of controls to effect relevant principles and associated components is a function of management judgment based on factors unique to the entityA major deficiency in a component or principle cannot be mitigated to an acceptable level by the presence and functioning of other components and principlesHowever, understanding and considering how controls effect multiple principles can provide persuasive evidence supporting managements assessment of whether components and relevant principles are present and functioning21Update describes how various controls effect principles, e.g., Control Environment1. The organization demonstrates a commitment to integrity and ethical values. ComponentPrincipleControls embedded in other components may effect this principleHuman Resources review employees confirmations to assess whether standards of conduct are understood and adhered to by staff across the entityControl EnvironmentManagement obtains and reviews data and information underlying potential deviations captured in whistleblower hot-line to assess quality of informationInformation & CommunicationInternal Audit separately evaluates Control Environment, considering employee behaviors and whistleblower hotline results and reports thereon Monitoring Activities22Summary of public exposure of proposed updateInterest across geographic regions approximately 50% of respondents from North America and 50% from international regionsProposed updates to Framework released for public comments:December 20, 2011 to March 31, 2012September 18, 2012 to December 4, 2012COSO sought comments from the general public on proposed updates, including whether the:Requirements of effective internal control are clearly set forthRoles of components, principles, and points of focus are clearly set forth Framework remains sound, logical, and useful to management of entities of all types and sizesPublic comment letters available at www.ic.coso.org until Dec. 31, 201323Updates are responsive to public comments Principles Provide clarity regarding the role of principles in designing, implementing, and conducting internal control, and assessing its effectivenessClarify descriptions of some principles, but no additional principlesEffectiveness Recognize effective internal control can provide reasonable assurance of achieving effective and efficient operations objectives (as noted before)Clarify requirement that each of the components and relevant principles must be present and functioning and components must operating togetherRemove presumption that points of focus are present and functioning, and clarify that no separate assessment of points of focus is requiredStandardize classification of internal control deficiencies, and clarify use of only relevant criteria established in laws, rules, regulations and standards24Updates are responsive to public comments (continued)Objective Setting Retain five components of internal controlRetain specification of objectives as a principle of effective internal control, but objective setting may be driven by laws, rules, regulations ,or external standards that are outside a system of internal controlObjectivesRetain view that safeguarding of assets primarily relates to operations objectives, and recognize its consideration within reporting and complianceAcknowledge some laws rules, regulations and standards establish safeguarding of assets as a separate category of objectivesRetain view that strategic objectives is not part of internal controlRetain operations, reporting, and compliance objective categories, and expand descriptions25Updates are responsive to public comments (continued)Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)Retain distinction between ERM and internal control, and acknowledge these frameworks are complementaryRetain view that strategy-setting, strategic objectives, and risk appetite are aspects of ERM, not Internal Control-Integrated FrameworkRetain discussion of risk appetite and application of risk tolerance Smaller Entities and Governments Provide additional guidance specific to smaller entities and governments (Appendix C)TechnologyExpand discussion in the points of focus and in several chaptersDecline suggestion to address risk associated with specific technologies because of the rapid pace of change26Updates are responsive to public comments (continued)Structure and Layout Retain view that all chapters 1-10 comprise the FrameworkDue Process COSO believes there has been a substantive due process effort to capture views on proposed updateSurveyed stakeholders to ascertain preferences concerning nature and extent of needed updates; 700 responses (December 2010 to September 2011) Conducted eleven meetings with COSO Advisory CouncilProvided exposure drafts of proposed updates for public comments (December 2011 to March 2012, and September to December 2012) Participated in many conferences, webinars, and seminars with membership of COSO to seek views of stakeholders (January 2011 to January 2013)27Illustrative Documents:-Illustrative Tools for Assessing Effectiveness of a System of Internal Control -Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: A Compendium of Approaches and Examples28Illustrative Tools for Assessing Effectiveness of a System of Internal ControlAssist users when assessing effectiveness of internal control based on the requirements set forth in the FrameworkTemplates illustrate a possible summary of assessment resultsScenarios illustrate practical examples of how the templates can be used to support an assessment and important considerations in performing an assessment Focus on evaluating components and relevant principles, not the underlying controls that affect relevant principlesCannot satisfy criteria established through laws, rules, regulations, or external standards for evaluating the severity of internal control deficienciesCan customize level and amount of detail included in the templates as management may deem necessary 29Internal Control over External Financial Reporting (ICEFR): A Compendium of Approaches and ExamplesApproaches and Examples illustrate how various characteristics of principles may be present and functioning within a system of internal control relating to external financial reportingApproaches are designed to give a summary-level description of activities that management may consider as they apply the FrameworkExamples illustrate one or more points of focus of a particular principle. They are not designed to provide a comprehensive, end-to-end example of how a principle may be fully applied in practice.Selected approaches and examples do not illustrate all aspects of components and relevant principles that would be necessary for effective internal controlStakeholders should refer to the Framework for the requirements of effective internal control Compendium supplements and can be used in concert30Summary of public exposure of the Illustrative DocumentsProposed Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: Compendium of Approaches and Examples was released for public comment from September 18, 2012 to December 4, 2012In conjunction with the public exposure of ICEFR Compendium, COSO made available revised versions of the previously exposed Framework and Appendices and Executive SummaryCOSO made available the proposed Illustrative Tools for Assessing Effectiveness of a System of Internal ControlCOSO sought comments from the general public on relevant topicsPublic comment letters available at www.ic.coso.org until Dec. 31, 201331Illustrative documents are responsive to public commentsICEFR: A Compendium of Approaches and ExamplesAdd or clarify specific examples, including:Establishing responsibilities for reviewing financial statementsMonitoring investigation and reporting of whistleblower allegationsMonitoring identification and protection of sensitive financial informationMonitoring identification and analysis of risk of material misstatement due to fraud Address a risk-based approach for achieving external financial reporting objectivesSpecify suitable objectives for external financial reportingRisks to achieving suitable objectivesResponses to risks32Transition & Impact33Transition & ImpactUsers are encouraged to transition applications and related documentation to the updated Framework as soon as feasible Updated Framework will supersede original Framework at the end of the transition period (i.e., December 15, 2014) During the transition period, external reporting should disclose whether the original or updated version of the Framework was usedImpact of adopting the updated Framework will vary by organizationDoes your system of internal control need to address changes in business?Does your system of internal control need to be updated to address all principles?Does your organization apply and interpret the original framework in the same manner as COSO?Is your organization considering new opportunities to apply internal control to cover additional objectives?34Transition & Impact (continued)The principles-based approach provides flexibility in applying the Framework to multiple, overlapping objectives across the entityEasier to see what is covered and what is missingFocus on principles may reduce likelihood of considering something thats irrelevantUnderstanding the importance of specifying suitable objectives focuses on those risks and controls most important to achieving these objectives. Focusing on areas of risk that exceed acceptance levels or need to be managed across the entity may reduce efforts spent mitigating risks in areas of lesser significance. Coordinating efforts for identifying and assessing risks across multiple, overlapping objectives may reduce the number of discrete risks assessed and mitigated. 35Transition & Impact (continued) Selecting, developing, and deploying controls to effect multiple principles may also reduce the number of discrete, layered-on controls. Applying an integrated approach to internal control - encompassing operations, reporting, and compliance may lessen complexity.In assessing severity of internal control deficiencies, use only the relevant classification criteria as set out in the Framework or by regulators, standard-setting bodies, and other relevant third parties, as appropriate.36Recommended ActionsRead COSOs updated Framework and illustrative documentsEducate the audit committee, C-suite, operating unit and functional managementEstablish a process for identifying, assessing, and implementing necessary changes in controls and related documentation Develop and implement a transition plan timely to meet key objectives e.g., apply updated Framework by December 31, 2014 for external reporting37Getting COSOs PublicationsThe updated Framework and related Illustrative documents are available in 3 layouts1.E-book This layout is ideally suited for those wanting access in electronic format for tablet use. An e-book reader from the AICPA is required to view this layout. Printing is restricted in this layout.Purchase through www.cpa2biz.com 2.Paper-bound This layout is ideally suited for those wanting a hard copy.Purchase through www.cpa2biz.com 3.PDF This layout is ideally suited for organizations interested in licensing multiple copies.Contact the AICPA at copyrightaicpa.org 38Questions & Comments