Properties of s-block ElementsHydrogenHydrogen is placed in 1A only because it has Hydrogen is placed in 1A only because it has one valence electron.one valence electron.It has properties of both metals and nonmetalsIt has properties of both metals and nonmetalsDiscovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766 and it Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766 and it was called flammable air.was called flammable air.Hydrogen can be produced in a lab when a Hydrogen can be produced in a lab when a metal reacts with an acid, or when electricity is metal reacts with an acid, or when electricity is used to separate water.used to separate water.Industrial hydrogen is created when water Industrial hydrogen is created when water reacts with methanereacts with methaneGroup 1A: Alkali MetalsThe term alkali comes from the Arabic word al-quili which means ashes of the saltwater plant.Lose one electron easily to become an ion with a +1 chargeSoft enough to be cut w/a knife, like butter.Highly reactiveGood conductors of heat and electricityAlkali metals (contd)LitihiumFound in water, soil, and rocksFound in water, soil, and rocksThe least reactive, does not dissolve in HThe least reactive, does not dissolve in H2 2O OUsed in batteries for electric cars, airplane parts Used in batteries for electric cars, airplane parts & as medication for bp disorders& as medication for bp disordersSodium and PotassiumThe most abundant elementsThe most abundant elementsFound in biological functionsFound in biological functionsUsed in fertilizersUsed in fertilizersGroup 2A: Alkaline Earth MetalsIf they did not melt in fire, they must be part of the earthCombine with O2 to make oxidesLose 2 valence electrons to make an ion with a +2 chargeSome React violently with waterBerylliumBeryllium Combines to form a material called berylCombines to form a material called beryl Moderates neutrons in nuclear reactorsModerates neutrons in nuclear reactorsCalciumCalcium Maintains bones and teethMaintains bones and teeth Found in limestone, chalk, and marble and Found in limestone, chalk, and marble and exoskeletons of coral reefsexoskeletons of coral reefs Used in antacid tablets, toothpaste, etc.Used in antacid tablets, toothpaste, etc.MagnesiumMagnesium Can be formed into any shapeCan be formed into any shape Can make bicycle frames and the “mag” wheels on Can make bicycle frames and the “mag” wheels on some sports cars.some sports cars. Used in plants and animals for certain biological Used in plants and animals for certain biological functionsfunctionsSection 7.2 Properties of P-block Elements (Group 3A-The Boron GroupBoronBoron Combine with elements in Combine with elements in nature and are found as nature and are found as oxides in Earths crustoxides in Earths crust All form 3+ ions except All form 3+ ions except Thallium. It forms a 1+ ion.Thallium. It forms a 1+ ion. Boron has more in common Boron has more in common with silicon and can form with silicon and can form borosilicate glass (i.e. borosilicate glass (i.e. cookware)cookware) Boric acid used as eyewashBoric acid used as eyewash Borax is a cleaning agent Borax is a cleaning agent and fireproof insulationand fireproof insulationAluminumAluminum Most abundant metal (3Most abundant metal (3rdrd in in earths crust)earths crust) Aluminum oxide is in bauxite, Aluminum oxide is in bauxite, an abrasive used in heat-an abrasive used in heat-resistant fabrics. resistant fabrics. Gems are crystals of Al2O3. Gems are crystals of Al2O3. Aluminum Sulfate is used in Aluminum Sulfate is used in antiperspirantsantiperspirants. . GalliumGalliumCan melt in your handCan melt in your handGallium arsenide produces Gallium arsenide produces an electric current when an electric current when absorbs light absorbs light (semiconductor chips)(semiconductor chips)Gallium nitride used to Gallium nitride used to develop lasers.develop lasers.Group 4A: The Carbon GroupOne trend applies: the period-2 element, carbon is not One trend applies: the period-2 element, carbon is not representative of any other elements in the grouprepresentative of any other elements in the groupCarbonCarbon Organic Chemistry studies carbon.Organic Chemistry studies carbon. Carbonates, cyanides, carbides, sulfides are inorganic Carbonates, cyanides, carbides, sulfides are inorganic compoundsMinerals (found in nature as solid crystal) and Ores (a compoundsMinerals (found in nature as solid crystal) and Ores (a material from which a mineral can be removed from)material from which a mineral can be removed from) Examples include diamonds, graphite which are allotropesExamples include diamonds, graphite which are allotropesForms of an element in same state but different structures & Forms of an element in same state but different structures & properties.properties.SiliconSiliconUsed in computer chips & Solar CellsUsed in computer chips & Solar CellsSilicon dioxide in sand and glass (silica)Silicon dioxide in sand and glass (silica)Silicon carbide is industrial abrasiveSilicon carbide is industrial abrasiveLead and TinLead and TinLead is toxic ( utensils, pipe, paint, etc)Lead is toxic ( utensils, pipe, paint, etc)Major use is for storage batteries in carsMajor use is for storage batteries in carsGroup 5A: The Nitrogen GroupNitrogen gas is a colorless, odorless, and relatively unreactive. 78% of Earths atmosphereBacteria convert nitrogen into compounds that Bacteria convert nitrogen into compounds that are used by other organisms (plants, animals)are used by other organisms (plants, animals)Proteins contain nitrogen.Proteins contain nitrogen.Ammonia uses hydrogen and nitrogen (NH4).Ammonia uses hydrogen and nitrogen (NH4).It can be a source for plants, or converted into nitric It can be a source for plants, or converted into nitric acid which produces expolosives, fertilizersacid which produces expolosives, fertilizersTNT (trinitrotoluene) and nitroglycerineTNT (trinitrotoluene) and nitroglycerinePhosphorus has three allotropesPhosphorus has three allotropes White P burst into flames in air-stored in waterWhite P burst into flames in air-stored in water Red P is less reactive, used on surface of matches. Red P is less reactive, used on surface of matches. Black P produced when red or white is heated under pressureBlack P produced when red or white is heated under pressurePhosphoric acid-other compounds found in cheese, laxatives, and Phosphoric acid-other compounds found in cheese, laxatives, and baking powders. Also in fertilizers. baking powders. Also in fertilizers. What are environmental concerns? (Lakes and algae)What are environmental concerns? (Lakes and algae)Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are some of the oldest. Antimony Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are some of the oldest. Antimony sulfide used as a cosmetic to darken eyebrows. Bismuth is an sulfide used as a cosmetic to darken eyebrows. Bismuth is an active ingredient in a pink remedy for diarrhea and nausea.active ingredient in a pink remedy for diarrhea and nausea.Alloy is used in sprinklers. (Brittannia metal tin-Antimony alloy is Alloy is used in sprinklers. (Brittannia metal tin-Antimony alloy is used in tableware).used in tableware).Group 6A: Oxygen GroupThey act as nonmetals, some metalloidsThey act as nonmetals, some metalloidsThey gain two electrons to make 2- ionsThey gain two electrons to make 2- ionsOxygenOxygen 2 allotropes: Ozone and O2 which makes up the 28% 2 allotropes: Ozone and O2 which makes up the 28% of the air we breathe. (Joe Priestly)of the air we breathe. (Joe Priestly)When fuels burn, they release energy to heat homes, run When fuels burn, they release energy to heat homes, run automobiles, etc. automobiles, etc. Produced by plants is used by animalsProduced by plants is used by animalsIs stored as a liquid under pressureIs stored as a liquid under pressureFor example, on a plane, a small cannister contains chemicals For example, on a plane, a small cannister contains chemicals that react to produce oxygen. that react to produce oxygen. Is the most abundant element in Earths crustIs the most abundant element in Earths crustForms oxides except with He, Ne and ArForms oxides except with He, Ne and ArGroup 7A: The HalogensHave ability to form compounds with almost all Have ability to form compounds with almost all metals. Compounds are called salts. metals. Compounds are called salts. One exception is Astatine, which is a radioactive One exception is Astatine, which is a radioactive element. element. Other halogens all are reactive and form ions with Other halogens all are reactive and form ions with a 1- charge.a 1- charge.Fluorine (the most electronegative element, i.e. Fluorine (the most electronegative element, i.e. attracts the most electrons)attracts the most electrons) Added to toothpaste and drinking waterAdded to toothpaste and drinking water Reacts with isotopes of uranium for enrichment to Reacts with isotopes of uranium for enrichment to provide fuel for nuclear reactorsprovide fuel for nuclear reactorsThe Oxygen GroupSulfurCombined with mercury in cinnabar or lead in Combined with mercury in cinnabar or lead in galenagalenaA brittle, yellow solid that has 10 allotropesA brittle, yellow solid that has 10 allotropesWhen burned in air it produces Sulfur dioxide When burned in air it produces Sulfur dioxide which preserves fruits; antibacterial agent.which preserves fruits; antibacterial agent.Sulfuric acid used in fertilizers Sulfuric acid used in fertilizers Deep in ocean, food chain begins with Deep in ocean, food chain begins with Hydrogen sulfide. (smells like rotten eggs)Hydrogen sulfide. (smells like rotten eggs)Bacteria use it as an energy sourceBacteria use it as an energy sourceGroup 7AChlorineChlorine A deadly gas that can also save lives. Chlorine A deadly gas that can also save lives. Chlorine disinfects sewagedisinfects sewage Dentists use as pain killersDentists use as pain killers HCL helps you to digest foodHCL helps you to digest food PVC makes everyday plastics (tiles, pipes)PVC makes everyday plastics (tiles, pipes)Bromine/IodineBromine/Iodine Silver Br & I used to coat photographic filmSilver Br & I used to coat photographic film Iodine maintains a healthy thyroid glandIodine maintains a healthy thyroid gland Iodine kills bacteria, may use tablets to disinfect waterIodine kills bacteria, may use tablets to disinfect waterGroup 8A: Noble GasesPropertiesProperties Colorless & unreactive (not many compoundsColorless & unreactive (not many compoundsHeliumHelium Lightest gas that escapes gravityLightest gas that escapes gravity Used in blimps, airships, balloonsUsed in blimps, airships, balloons Also mixed with oxygen for diversAlso mixed with oxygen for diversNeonNeon Neon lights emit orange light when electrons are in a Neon lights emit orange light when electrons are in a lower energy state.lower energy state.Ar and KRAr and KR Ar makes up 1% of earths atmosphere. Both are used Ar makes up 1% of earths atmosphere. Both are used to prolong life of filaments in light bulbs. to prolong life of filaments in light bulbs. Properties of d-Block and F-block ElementsLanthanide Vs. actinide seriesLanthanide Vs. actinide seriesTransition metals share properties such as Transition metals share properties such as conductivity, luster and malleabilityconductivity, luster and malleabilityThey are hard solids with high melting & boiling They are hard solids with high melting & boiling points. points. The more unpaired electrons in the d sublevel, the The more unpaired electrons in the d sublevel, the greater the propertygreater the property Ex: Chromium is the hardest with the highest melting Ex: Chromium is the hardest with the highest melting point.point.Little variation seen in atomic size, Little variation seen in atomic size, electronegativity, and IEelectronegativity, and IEPhysical properties are determined by their e- Physical properties are determined by their e- configurationconfigurationFormation of IonsForm 2+ or 3+ (and above) ionsMost have a color due to partially filled d-orbitals. The Electrons absorb light to emit color.All except white compounds Sc, Zn, and Ti All except white compounds Sc, Zn, and Ti (empty or filled) (empty or filled) They can change from one color to next if lose a chargeMagnetism & MetalsDef: The ability of a substance to be affected by a Def: The ability of a substance to be affected by a magnetic fieldmagnetic fieldFerromagnetism is the strong attraction of a substance to a Ferromagnetism is the strong attraction of a substance to a magnetic field.magnetic field. Ions align themselves in the direction of the field Ions align themselves in the direction of the field Metallurgy- The branch of applied science that studies and Metallurgy- The branch of applied science that studies and designs methods for extracting metals from ores.designs methods for extracting metals from ores.Cu, Ag, Pt, and Pa are the only metals unreactive enough Cu, Ag, Pt, and Pa are the only metals unreactive enough to be found in nature uncombined. All others are oxides or to be found in nature uncombined. All others are oxides or sulfides.sulfides.See Figure 7-25 and 7-26 See Figure 7-25 and 7-26 Uses for Transition MetalsCopper-electrical wiringIron-make steelAlloys- jet engines, surgical instrumentsC, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl are used by the human body Ex: An iron ion is in the center of each Ex: An iron ion is in the center of each hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin picks up hemoglobin molecule. Hemoglobin picks up oxgyen and carries it through body.oxgyen and carries it through body.Table 7-1 shows vitamin supplementsInner Transition MetalLanthanide SeriesLanthanide Series Silvery metals with high melting points. Silvery metals with high melting points. Found mixed in nature and are hard to separateFound mixed in nature and are hard to separate Used in TV screens, movie projectors, lasers, and tinted Used in TV screens, movie projectors, lasers, and tinted sunglassessunglassesActinide SeriesActinide Series Radioactive elementsRadioactive elements Only 3 exist in nature. The rest are synthetic Only 3 exist in nature. The rest are synthetic (transuranium 92)(transuranium 92) Home smoke detectors use americiumHome smoke detectors use americium