毕业论文论 文 题 目 ：体育新闻英语的文体特征作者所在系部：外 语 系作者所在专业：英语作者所在班级：作 者 姓 名 ：作 者 学 号 ：指导教师姓名：完 成 时 间 ： 2013年 6 月北华航天工业学院教务处制On Stylistic Features of English Sports News by Thesis Advisor: Submitted to the B.A. Committee in partial fulfillment of The requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Foreign Languages Department of North China Institute of Aerospace and Engineering. i 摘要作为一种社会文明的标志，体育已经成为我们社会和文化生活中不可缺少的一部分。同时，体育新闻也越来越引起广泛的关注。然而对体育新闻语言的研究却很有限。以往的研究多是将新闻英语作为一个整体来进行分析，而体育新闻只是其中的一部分， 因此在研究结果中出现了一些差异。 本文认为新闻英语不是单一的， 而是一个由不同新闻材料特点合成的语类，包括不同次语类，所以对其语言特点的归纳需给予充分描写。本文将基于现代文体学的理论， 从不同的语言问题特征出发， 对英语体育新闻做一个全面的分析。运用普通的文体学分析方法对新闻中的词汇、句子结构和语义层面进行分析。使用定性和定量的方法对混淆次做科学分析。通过以上研究分析报告可以得出结论：体育新闻报道在词汇、句子结构和语义层面都有其独特的文体特征。使体育新闻语言更直观、客观、丰富、易于理解的吸引潜在的读者。关键词：体育新闻新闻英语 文体特征ii Abstract Sport is a sign of social civilization and becomes an indispensable part of our social and cultural life now. Therefore, sports news are getting more and more attention. However, only little research has been carried out to analyze its stylistic features. In previous studies, scholars mainly regard the journalistic English as a whole entity; hence some differences appear in their results. In this thesis, it is argued that journalistic English is not onefold, but a composite of various kinds of news, which includes different sub-varieties. Based on the theories of modern stylistics, this thesis attempts to limit the scope to the analysis of English sports news report and to do an overall analysis of sports news reports from different level in linguistics stylistic features. I would use qualitative and quantitative methods to do a scientific analysis on confusing words. Based on the above research, we can safely draw the conclusion that sports news reported in words, sentence structure and semantic level with its unique prominent stylistic features. All these features make sports news language more objective, more impersonal, more informative, and more comprehensible to attract the potential readers. Key words: Sports news, News English, Stylistic feature 3 Contents Abstract in Chinese . 错误！未定义书签。Abstract . 错误！未定义书签。Introduction . 4Chapter1: Theories of Sports News . 21.1 Definition of Sports News . 21.2 Functions of Sports News . 2 1.3 Types of Sports News . 31.4 Structure of Sports News . 4Chapter2: Variety. 5 2.1 Definition of Variety . 5 2.2 News English as a Variety . 62.3 English Sports News as a Sub-variety . 7Chapter 3: Stylistic Features of English Sports News . 83.1 Graphitic Features . 83.2 Lexical Features . 83.3 Grammatical Features . 9 3.4 Semantic Features . 103.5 Sentence Features.11Conclusion . 13Acknowledgements . 14Bibliography . 154 On Stylistic Features of English Sports News Introduction Sports play an important role in social and cultural life of human society. With the development of society and technology, sports journalism and newspapers have changed in very remarkable ways and what was once fun and games at court is now much more than that. The days of reporters and editors who served as cheerleaders for the home team are gone. We know that sports journalism has been maturing since the final decade of the 20th century. It is adjusting and changing relations and standards involving sports and society (Bruce Garrison,1993). Today, sports fills more available time on television and has become a major selling point for many comprehensive newspaper or daily papers and the Internet. People are exposed to sports news more often than before. However, linguistic study on English sports news has not been paid enough attention and few works on systematic and comprehensive analysis of its linguistic features could be found in the linguistic field. Sports news reporting is no longer a simple list of scores and results. The contemporary news reports focus not only on the result or the scores of the match but also on many things other than the competition itself. By means of language use, it reflects, ideas, beliefs, values and assumptions of the society as well as those of the news reporters. From what I have mentioned, I think there are three problems in journalistic English for sports. The first one is that the research scope of the news is mainly confined to news report in newspaper, not mentioned in editorial and feature. So the research breadth is not wide enough. The second one is the research deepness is not profound enough. Though many scholars pointed out news words could attract the readers, they did not study enough about the reason of it. The third one is that it does not understand enough in dealing with the relation between journalism English for sports and other subject. This thesis will be divided into three chapters based on the theory of modern stylistics. We will discuss the stylistic feature of sports news at the lexical, grammatical and semantic levels. From what is discussed can get the conclusion. 5 6 Chapter 1: Theories of Sports News1.1 Definition of Sports News According to Cambridge Dictionary of American English, “ News is something told as having just happened or information about something that is just happening or will soon happen.” (Liu Shisheng, 2006) And the best news has the greatest interest of the greatest number. As John Bogart, the director of interviewing department in The New York Sun, wrote in 1880, “ When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a dog that is news. ” (Mencher, 1987) Sports report is one of the sub-varieties of journalistic English. The sports language is not as formal as economic and political language. The main function of sports news is to report sports news, but on account of different moods and intentions in contrast to other news reports. Sports report mainly serves to meet the sports enthusiasts interests in certain news items, so it may not be as serious as political news. Sports report covers a wide range, including football, basketball, swimming, tennis, boxing, track and field, cricket, etc. It involves report of sports events, sports environments, exclusive interviews with the athletes and even the anecdotes and gossips about the sports participants. All the large-scale newspaper agencies, broadcasting stations and TV stations have their own independent sports departments or columns. With so much competition, of course it is tougher to get the attention of a reader with so much other material available for them to read. That s why sports reporters are working so much on their products for the contemporary sports fans. Sportswriters have to report and edit diverse competing activities and broaden the appealing of their product to attract more readers at different levels. At the same time, sportswriters are also becoming less and less event oriented and more and more non-event, or process oriented in their reporting. Their stories become more insightful and interpretative, and the emphasis is given less on the results and more on why these results occurred. Therefore, the range of sports stories broadens considerably world-wide. Although sports events still appeal to readers, interest is growing in sports topics off the field and court. Reporters tend to look into restrooms, courtrooms, and training rooms. Meanwhile, more and more sports reporting involve athletes, athletes programs, sports agents, gambling, the abuse of illegal drugs and athletic organization rules cheating and so on. 7 1.2 Functions of Sports News English sports news has the following five functions: informative function, expressive function, aesthetic function, vocative function and entertaining function. According to Newmark, the informative function of language is featured with the external situation as its core. By saying external situation, Peter Newmark means the facts of a topic, reality outside language, including reported ideas or theories (Newmark, 2001:40). The informative function of English sports news is shown on its role to help readers to know the facts and relevant information of sports. Thus the audience and readers can share happiness of sports anytime and anywhere. The expressive function is the mind of the reader and the writer, their originator of the utterance. The language with expressive function is normally self-expressive, creative, figurative and subjective (Ibid.:39). The expressive function is to set the tone of the news thus to create either a touching, exciting or horrifying effect on the readers. The language pleases the readers and audience firstly through its actual or imagined sound and secondly through its metaphors. The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their roles in this sense. Their sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, meter, intonation, and stress (Ibid.:42). English sports news gives aesthetic function in the way to provide the readers and audience aesthetic enjoyment through colorful words containing many connotations and provide beauty through the application of rhetorical devices. “The core of the vocative function of langu age is the readership, the addressee(Ibid.:41). Newmark uses the term vocativein the sense of ” calling upon the readership to act, think or feel, in fact to react in the way intended by the text ”(Ibid.:41).Then we can conclude that a piece of good English sports news can also call upon the reader and audience to focus on the event. English sports news usually uses creative language, flexible sentence patterns and various rhetorical devices to make vivid reports. Sometimes, reporters also use many of the techniques used by literary writers such as novelists. The sentence of English sports news is sometimes composed of rhetorical devices like hyperbole or metaphor. English sports news presents a vivid picture to readers or audiences and as well enriches sports culture and satisfies the needs of audience. 8 1.3 Types of sports newsGenerally speaking, there are three types of sports news-sports features, depth reporting, and column. Sports feature could be anything about sports. The main difference between them is that the former informs the readers while the latter usually entertains them. The reporting in depth tends to put a sports event into perspective by reading it to other events or reports. Sports column serves to make judgments or recommendations, and talk about the sportswriter himself or herself. Like any other news, sports news also consists one or more of these six basic facts: who, what, where, when, how and why, which could be organized through two major options (Garrison, 1990): the chronological approach and the inverted pyramid approach. The chronological approach: This organizational form reports the game just as it occurred. A carefully recording is neccessary to write a solid and complete game story. Reporters always record play by play, score by score, and moment by moment what is occurring on the court or field. For basketball as an example, there must be space for the “ running”summary of the game when the score occurred. It is difficult, but possible, to keep play-by-play charts for some sports such as swimming, track and field. The inverted pyramid approach: This form, mostly used by news reports, is also the most practical approach for the reader. We know that whenever there is a big sports event, readers of sports news must have been well informed of the time, site, competing teams and other materials such as the background of athletes and the history of the competition. Therefore, the biggest concern of readers is the match result which is sure the core of game or match. The sports news thus should get straight to the point ensuring readers can learn what has happened in the game at the first time. 1.4 Structure of Sports News Generally speaking, sports news follows the structure of typical news story, which mainly consists of three parts: headline, lead, and body. Headline is the title of a news that introduces its contents in the most condensed way and acts to get attention. Lead usually refers to the opening paragraph of a piece of news. “ The first paragraph of a news story is called the lead. ” (Frederickson,1984) 9 Leads in sports news can be divided into two groups: summary lead and delayed lead. “ A summary lead tells readers the most important part of the story in a direct and straightforward way, and is often used in news reporting. A delayed lead tells readers by hinting the content of the story. It is usually found in features and other soft stories that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event.” (Ma Jianguo,2002) Usually, lead is a single information-packed sentence, and it is typically the key to the newspaper story. A lead contains the facts of the most fresh and the most attractive, and it always gives readers the story s main topic and most important facts. What s more, a question is often put forward, or a description of the background of a certain news story is usually found in the delayed lead. The body of news introduce the details to explain and clarify the main points, or introduce new but less important information. Chapter 2: Variety 2.1 Definition of Variety Language is a social phenomenon, or institution, with which people communicate and interact with each other. A language of a particular society is part of the society s culture. Language activities operate within social activities. The style appropriate to public speaking is usually inappropriate to legal documents; the style used in advertisements is not suited to a scholarly article. Richard Hudson(1980:24) defined a variety as “ a set linguistic items with similar distribution” . The distribution can be determined by geography and occupation, in which case its specialist vocabulary is often referred to a “ jargon” . However, the boundaries of any variety are vague and ill-determined. That is, in language the enormous range of varieties all have their syntax, lexis, phonology and graphology, which are shared features of “ Englishness ” -what Quirk (1972) calls the “ common core” . 2.2 News English as A Variety News English can be called as Jounalistic english. According to Richards (2008:287), variety can be used for various types of one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English; and sometimes may be used instead of DIALECT, SOCIOLECT, CREOLE,etc. In Hudson s work (2000:22) variety is 10 defined as “ a set of linguistic items with similar social distributions” . To be more reasonable and comprehensive, the “ distribution” can be geographically determined in which case we are talking of “ dialect” , or it can be socially determined as “ PR”speaking way in England(Jin Meilin, 2005:4). According to the sense of “ socially determined ” , variety can be occupationally determined as well, in which case its specialist vocabulary is often referred to as “ jargon” . And according to various uses , there are spoken English and written English by different medium, formal English and informal English by different styles, and business English, legal English, journalistic English, advertising English, etc. by different fields of discourse.(Brook, 1979: Introduction) In above classification, journalistic English is one of the English varieties by its special field of discourse. Journalistic English, in a broad sense, refers to the language used in news reporting, newscast, featuring articles and opinion writing. In a narrow sense, it refers to the language of English news reporting, which embodies typical characteristics of journalistic English. To be specifically functional, this variety covers a wide range of politics, economics, technology, art ,culture, sports, violence, crime, weather and climate to entertainment. (Xu Lisheng. 1999: 61) The journalist has to present these news materials in the most readable and interesting way, which is effective in influencing the readers. Therefore, there are some linguistic features of the words and items used in news reporting, some of which are introduced in the following (Qin Xiubai, 1995: 327): (1) There are a great quantity of journalistic words, which are scarcely employed in general English; (2) Acronyms and shortened words are great used; (3) Neologisms are employed frequently; (4) Vague words appear often. 2.3 English Sports News as a Sub-variety Furthermore, most varieties contain sub-varieties, such as Contract English in Legal English. Similarly, English sports news is one of the sub-varieties of journalistic English. It should be mentioned that the concept of sub-variety, as a sub-set of variety, can also be called Register according to some linguistic works (Hudson, 2000). In terms of Register, the implication of the classified group under 11 variety puts emphasis on the context the words use(Brook, 1979) or the activity the users are engaged in, and meanwhile it is distinguished from the group of Dialect (Qin Xiubai, 1995). Sports make up a large part of the editorial content of metropolitan daily newspapers and online news media. A lot of news reporters are engaged in sports reporting. Sports news should not only offer information but also afford recreation and relaxation. As one of the sub-varieties of journalistic English and a specific style of news writing, sports report boasts some distinctive language features besides the general characteristics in common with other types of news, such as using a large number of terminologies, simple sentences or creating novelty and sensationalism, etc (Zhang Lu,2003), which are some general features of the whole language used in ESNR. Chapter 3: Stylistic Features of English Sports News3.1 Graphitic Features Graphitic is the study of the writing system of a language. Graphological feature is the expression or realization of language in written form. Various aspects of design in graphology are resources which can be used for communicative purposes. As soon as we pick up a newspaper and read its front page,we will be attracted by its variation in the size and shapes of body types, sometimes attracted by pictures. This is especially true for sports news section. When reading the reporting matches, only written news is not enough to satisfy the interest and need of the sports enthusiasts. The colorful photographs, various pictures and diagrams greatly help attract their attention. Headlines are given great prominence for eye-catching effect. Its form will never fail to catch the attention of potential readers with a sharp contrast with the smaller fonts of the news lead. The headlines have various sizes and shapes or even colors. All these are used to catch the reader s eye. Another important feature on graphitic level is paragraphing. Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs. It is a method of revealing the relational structure and the organization of the content. Sports news writers are fond of dividing a narrative into short paragraphs. Short paragraphs can satisfy readers requirement of obtaining the most amount of information within the limited time and 12 make it easy for the editor to fit the report into the allocated space of the paper. 3.2 Lexical featuresIt is easy for us to find that there are many professional sports words. Different sports have their different jargons. Some of them are common used. Most of them are only used in one type of sport. The word in sports English comes from lots of resources. Firstly, they are initialism and acronym. Many sports words we talk about today are initialism. For example, NBA is for National Basketball Association. IOC is for the International Olympic Committee. Initialism is convenient for writing and remembering. And it will be too boring to tell the whole name of them. People adapt this form step by step and they also use initialism in other English words. So the initialism is widely used in nowadays sports English. Secondly , it s composition such like record breaker, team sports, crossing-country racing, Germany Serie A. They are created according to our custom in speaking. Usually, when we talk about one sports news, we are also aware of another sport similar with it. So we always create a new word by combination of the original words. Thirdly , its affixation. When we want to describe some positions on field or some special players in sports, we use these words. They often help us to know the details about this sport. Ace, Semifinal, Finals, Super-heavyweight, substitutes, Defence, Goalkeeper, mountaineering are all the examples. You will see that these words express the situation vividly. Forthly, conversion will change some situations of the sports English. Forward means go along or advance. But in some ball sports, forward means a kind of player who move in the front court mainly and are responsible in offense. For example, in football, forward are always the best goal achiever in the team and always the big star in the whole sport. Free kick is a noun originally. But in football, it can be a verb. Fifthly, it is coinage. They are always new sports or man-made part in a traditional sport such like Aerobics, Golden goal, Three-peat, Wake boating. These words are all created according to the development of this sport. When the needs become more and more important and often, some body bolt the new description out. Lastly, it is Loanword. Kung fu, Judo are all not traditional English word. They are all native traditional sports and spread to the western countries by some degree. 3.3 Grammatical Features 13 When information is given in small chunks, it is easier to absorb. So the reporters should not put more than one idea into a sentence. It is a good idea to try inserting a period somewhere in a long sentence to give the reader a chance to breathe. Because most newspaper stories are set in narrow columns, even a few sentences can make a log paragraph that look hard to read. Sports news usually has paragraph with only one sentence, especially at the beginning of story. The first few paragraphs usually have one or two sentences at most, and the other paragraphs may be a litter longer with no more than one major idea in each. Shorter the word, better readers understanding. For example, game is better than competition. Sentence and paragraph lengths are usually measured in number of words. Word length in syllables. Long words are those of three syllables or more. Being concise helps clarity, and concise sentences are always shorter sentences. Familiar words tend to be short words. Concrete words tend to be short words. The measures of sentence length, word length and paragraph length are actually indicator of a good writing. Short sentences and short paragraphs are more applied than the long ones. Robert Gunning, a former consultant to more than 100 daily newspapers, said, “ I know of no author addressing a general audience today who averages much more than 20 words per sentence and still succeed in getting published ” (Mencher, 1987). This is because research has consistently found a strong correlation between readability and sentence length. The longer the sentence, the more difficult to be understood. According to the research, a sentence containing 17 words is a standard one, and that of 21 words appears to be pretty difficult to read. If the news is full of long sentences that are hard to understand, the readers will give up reading. 3.4 Semantics Features Semantics is generally defined as the study of communication of meaning, which has always been a central topic in human scholarship(Hu Zhuanglin, 2000). In semantic level, it focuses on how rhetorical devices contribute to the meaning of the whole text. Figures of speech in sports news usually helps to make the language more attractive. For example, metaphor, pun, metonymy, analogies, etc. (1) US swings the Iron Hammer The duel between Chinese and US women s volleyball teams tonight will put the 14 Americans and their Chinese coach to the test against a team it has had difficulty beating. (China Daily, Aug 15, 2008) Iron Hammer is the nickname of LangPing, who is the former head coach of the Chinese national volleyball team and an excellent volleyball player. Here Iron Hammer is a metonymy used to refer to Lang Ping. (2) Emerging from the cocoon A butterfly develops in a cocoon before it breaks free and then dazzles the natural world with its grace and beauty. Yesterday we saw China s sporting cocoon open and the first butterflies are flapping their wings: Madam butterflies to be precise. (China Daily, Aug 15, 2008) It is easy to find a metaphor is used in this example from the lead. The road of China s butterfly team winning the first gold in Olympic Game is as same as the way of a butterfly emerging from the cocoon. 3.5 Sentence Features 3.5.1. A multiplicity of sentence patterns Different from English in other fields, sports English has its unique sentence features. The following sentence patterns are frequently used and seen in articles about sports. Firstly, elliptical sentence and imperative sentence are employed continually in headline of sports English for clarity and brevity. For instance, the headline “One for the Liverpool” only contains four words but it expresses itself clearly. In the headline “Williams Charged with Assault”, the copula “be” is left out, which appears regularly in the headline writing. Whats more, imperative sentence usually can be seen in the headlines of comments in order to attract reader s attention and leave reader in the meditation of one sports incident. For example, the headline “Take Your Base, Coach Bill ” actually refers that coach Bill should have achieved something with his team. Secondly, long declarative sentences often appear in the detailed reports and articles of sports news. Then the readers will kwon details about process of the matches clearly through reading these long sentences. Thirdly, in order to contain more information and transmit clear information to readers, a large number of attributive clauses, appositive clauses and complex sentences are used into sports articles. For example. “Swedish veteran Henrik Larsson, who has just joined Barcelona after his countrys Euro 2004 campaign, is also likely to make the trip to China. ” If the 15 attributive clause “who has just joined Barcelona after his countrys Euro 2004 campaign” is omitted, reader s have no way to learn that Henrik Larsson has just joined Barcelona. More information carried by these sentence patterns make reader largely informed. 3.5.2. Conciseness and simplicity The timeliness of the sports competitions demands that sentences in sports reports and other articles be brief and simple. During the competition, everything happens quickly and every occasion changes in a second. The short, concise and simple sentences reflect the quick rhythm and changeable situation of competitions. Even one or two words can be a sentence like “Bad”, “Again ”, “Out ”.Usually in basketball game, “touch! ” is regularly heard rather than “you have touched the ball”, although the latter is grammatically right. In the sentence “France will still up at the end of the first half”, the very short preposition “up” express the meaning that France will still keep ahead. More examples are “Pass! I am open now” instead of “Nobody is defending me now”. The short sentences convey as clear meanings as long sentences and that is why competitors, referees, and coaches prefer to use short, simple sentences. 3.5.3. Past tense and present tense As usual, based on the characteristics of the sports reports, past tense and present tense are the most frequently used tenses. Present tense usually is used in commentary. The sports interpreters interpret what they are watching and what is happening in scene of competitions. Thus, present tense is their first alternative. Commentaries like “final seconds Parker puts it up, for the winKnocks it down!” and off the dribble from the perimeterWade goes to the floor, at seven-foot-three (7 3 ) and eleven years in the leagueLebron down the lane, Oh” all use present tense.However, past tense is usually seen on newspaper, for the news on the newspaper happened in the past. It is also more objective and conventional to use past tense on the sports newspaper. For example, Tim Duncan, Manu Ginobili and Tony Parker were terrific for three quarters, then good enough at the end to carry San Antonio to a 108100 victory over the upstart Utah Jazz on Sunday (Harvey Araton: Terrific for Three Quarters, Spurns Won ). The whole paragraph use past tense to describe how Spurs won the game. 3.5.4. Mood of the sentence The sports news, reports and articles is not only professionals, sports fans, but 16 also a mass of nonprofessional readers. Therefore, introductive and declarative mood is familiar. Take this paragraph for example: “Weight lifting is an Olympic sport consisting of two lifts: the snatch and the clean and jerk. Each competitor is allowed three attempts in each lift. The sum of the lifters best snatch and best clean and jerk is the lifters total.”(William C. Rhoden: Weight Lifting). This mood of this paragraph is introductive and declarative to introduce the weight lifting to readers. 17 Conclusion During the comprehensive study in this thesis, many distinctive stylistic features of the sports news have been disclosed by means of statistical analysis and qualitative method. I will sumarize the major findings and implications of this study first, then states the limitations of this study. The factors affecting the unique characteristics of sports English are about both the language itself and the culture exchanges. As it has been proved that the ability English borrows words from other languages is quite strong, there is still the tendency for English to further apply coinage and loanword methods to enlarge its sports vocabulary. On the other hand, the cultural exchanges are still moving on. Therefore, there could probably be more special features belonging to sports English that are to emerge in the future. But no matter how it evolves, or rather changes, sports English will remain an inseparable feast in people s daily life. Although this thesis has tried to provice a comprehensive analysis of sports news, there still remains some aspects untouched. 18 Acknowledgments Thanks are due to all those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis in various ways. First and foremost, my heartfelt thanks first go to my supervisor, Ms Liu Ana, for her insight and encouragement. I am deeply inspired by her devotion to academics which will benefit all my life. Without her patient instruction and constant encouragement, this thesis would not have come to the present form. Also I am deeply indebted to all the teachers in the Foreign Languages Department, who have greatly benefited my growth through their inspiring lectures. A specific word of appreciation goes to my my parent for their boundless love and whole-hearted support over all these past years, especially during my preparation of this thesis. 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