Chapter11-Economy(US)Chapter11-Economy(US) Chapter 11EconomyThe United States of AmericaForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThink about these questions before we start:WhatindustrialdevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?HowdidtheCivilWaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers? Warming-up Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressContents History of American Economy Current American Economy General IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvUSthecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology,spacetechnology,nuclearenergy,andelectronics,etc.;producingamajorportionoftheworldsmachinery,automobiles,oil,electricalenergy,andchemicals.vMixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernmentregulatingbusinessesanti-trustlaws General IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvPrivatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices.Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals;Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness.v“Consumereconomy” General IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research Press History of American EconomyThe Colonial Period Since American IndependenceThe 20th Century 123Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial PeriodvMassachusettssettledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionvOthercolonieslikeVirginiaandPennsylvania,foundedasbusinessventurescontributiontoEnglandscolonizingprocessofthewould-beUnitedStateschartercompaniesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthorityForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial PeriodMayflower, the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial PeriodvEnglishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers.enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives,communities,andeconomy,thatis,toconstructtheirnewnationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial Periodappearanceofsawmills(锯木场)andgristmills(磨房)shipyardsbuildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges(冶炼厂)vSecondaryindustries(二级产业二级产业)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressGristmillIronforge1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvClearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury:NewEnglandship-buildingandsailing;Maryland,Virginia,andCarolinastobacco,riceandindigo(靛蓝属植物);NewYork,Pennsylvania,NewJerseyandDelawareshippedcropsandfurs;Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs(企业家、创业者)amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves.1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvDisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain:Americansmodification(减轻)oftaxesandregulations;demandformoreself-governmentMountingquarrelleadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesvAmericanRevolution:bolstered(支持、支持、支撑支撑)byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry“inalienablerightstolife,liberty,andproperty”1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Since American Independence vU.S.Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket.notariffsortaxesoninter-statecommerce;Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficesandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatents(专利权、专利品)andcopyrights.“intellectualproperty”Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvAlexanderHamiltonseconomicdevelopmentstrategy2. Since American Independence nurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies(公开的补贴)imposeprotectivetariffs(保护性关税)onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebtsAlexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThenewgovernmentdidmaketariffsanessentialpartofAmericanforeignpolicy.vPresidentJacksonopposedtoHamiltonsnationalbank.vWhenelectedforasecondterm,Jacksonopposedrenewingthebankscharter.vBusinessespanickedinboth1834and1837.2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvTheIndustrialRevolutionnBy1860,onethirdofthenationsincomecamefrommanufacturing;nCottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry;nUrbanizedindustrylimitedtotheNortheast;nImmigrantworkersBetween1845and1855,some300,000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually.2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressUrban IndustrializationTextile Plant2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvTheSouthruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsvEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln:2. Since American Independence nIn1861,adoptionofaprotectivetariffnIn1862,thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered.nIn1863and1864,anationalbankcode(银行代码)wasdrafted.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvNorthernvictoryintheCivilWarensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemnslaverysystemwasabolished,makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable;nNorthernindustrysurgedahead:IndustrialistsdominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairsDisappearanceofthesouthernplanteraristocracy(贵族)v“Secondindustrialrevolution”2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv“Secondindustrialrevolution”anexplosionofnewdiscoveriesandinventions:Thediscoveryofoil;Thedevelopmentoftypewriter;Theinventionoftelephone,phonograph(速记法),andelectriclight;Refrigeratedrailroadcarscameintouse;Carswerereplacingcarriagesandpeoplewereflyinginairplanesbythedawnofthe20thcentury.2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. The 20th CenturyvExperiencedaperiodofprosperityintheearly20thcenturyvSufferedGreatDepressioninthe1930snWallStreetCrashinOctober1929Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. The 20th CenturyvPresidentRooseveltsNewDeal(新政新政)interventionofthegovernmentensurethateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople;preventflagrant(公然公然的的)abusesofthesystem;Dampen(抑制抑制)theeffectsofinflation;stimulategrowth.His New Deal was popular with the electorate (选民) and led to a successful reelection in 1936.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv ReaganAdministrationsnewmonetarist(货币主义者货币主义者) policiesintheearly1980scontrolovergovernmentspendingdeficitscuttingtaxestoenhanceeconomicdevelopmentraiseofinterestratesvGeorgeH.W.BushsloweconomicrecessionvClintoneconomicrecoveryvAppearanceofnewtycoons(企业界或政界企业界或政界巨头巨头)BillGates3. The 20th CenturyForeign Language Teaching and Research PressII Current American EconomyAgriculture1Manufacturing Industry2ServiceIndustry3High-techIndustry4ForeignTrade5Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1. AgriculturevConditionsfordevelopingagriculture:vastnessofthelandgenerosityofnaturerainfall,riversandundergroundwaterallowingforirrigationwherenecessaryvAverageAmericanfarm462acres(187hectares)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvSuccessofagriculturelargecapitalinvestmentshighlytrainedlabornewmethodsforraisingcrops1. AgriculturevModernfarmingdiseaseanddroughtresistantseedsfertilizersandpesticidesspacetechnologyutilizationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. AgricultureLets take a look at American farm scenery Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv“Agribusiness”avarietyoffarmbusinessesandstructuresfromsmall,one-familycorporationstohugeconglomerates（联合企业:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业）ormultinationalfirmsvAmericanfarmslow-costoutputvOne-thirdofcropsforexportEurope,Asia,AfricaandLatinAmericavAgriculturalimportslagfarbehind,leavingasurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftrade1. AgricultureForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvFarmersnotworkonthefarmsfull-time45percentwithotheroccupations240,000tenantfarmersrentlandforcashorpaytheownerashareofthecropstheygrowmigrantworkershiredonlyforaspecificchorevAgricultureremainsthefoundationuponwhichAmericanwell-beingandprosperityarebased.1. AgricultureForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Manufacturing IndustryvLargemanufacturingindustriesemployingmorethan24millionworkersvHighlydevelopedmilitaryindustryvAutocompaniesFord,GeneralMotorsandChryslervBoeingAircraftCompanycommercialairlinersvOtherindustries:food,clothing,etc.America has formed an industrial system with large productivity.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Manufacturing IndustryForeign Language Teaching and Research PressDivision of Manufacturing Activities vTheEastNorthCentralntheleadingregionnover25%ofmanufacturingcapacitynmotorvehiclesandothertransportationequipments,non-electricalmachinery,andfabricatedmetalsvTheMiddleAtlanticregionnoccupyingthesecondplacenalmost20%ofthetotalvalueaddednchemicalsandmachinery,bothelectricalandnon-electricalvThePacificcoastregionndominatedbythemanufacturingactivitiesofCalifornianthethirdplacewithabout15%ofthetotalvalueaddednTransportationequipments,foodproducts,andelectricalandelectronicequipmentsForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvTheSouthAtlanticregionnthefourthleadingregionnover10%ofthetotalUSmanufacturingoutputntextiles,chemicals,tobaccoproducts,andapparelvThe West South Central and the EastSouthCentralregionsnabout15%ofthetotalnationaloutputnchemicals,foodproducts,electricalandelectronicequipments,andnon-electricalmachineryDivision of Manufacturing Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvTheWestNorthCentral,NewEnglandandtheMountainstatesregionremaining15%ofthenationaloutputnNewEnglandelectricalandnon-electricalmachinery,andfabricatedmetalsnTheWestNorthCentralstatesmachineryandfoodproductsnTheMountainstatesfoodproducts,primarymetalsandnon-electricalmachineryDivision of Manufacturing Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. Service IndustryvTremendousgrowthinemploymentintheservicesectorsincethe1970sthreecategories:servicesfortheaffluentcommercialbanking,lifeinsurance,realestateandlawserviceswelfareserviceshealthcare,education,governmentandsocialservicesservicesprovidedbythepoorservicestobuildingsanddwellings,retailservicesForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3. Service IndustryAdvanced service industryForeign Language Teaching and Research Press4. High-tech IndustryvHigh-techindustriesrankingfirstintheworldvMoreemphasisonspacetechnology,electronics,chemicalsandcomputingvSuccessfulflightofthespaceshuttlevLeadingcomputercompaniesintheworldvLeadingengineeringandinformationtechnologyForeign Language Teaching and Research Press4. High-tech Industry美国计算机协会（Association of Computing Machinery，简称ACM）是一个国际性的科技教育组织，是世界上第一个科学性及教育性计算机学会。ACM致力于提高信息技术在科学、艺术等各行各业的应用水平。Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press5. Foreign TradevUSforeigntradeplaysasignificantroleintheeconomyvTradepattern:fromdomestic-orientedtointernationally-orientedvReducingtradebarriers(贸易壁垒贸易壁垒) andcoordinatingtheworldeconomicsystemvPromotingbilateral(双边的双边的)andregionaltradetoenhancedomesticstabilityandloyaltyofalliesForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvExportsabout10%oftheworldstotalvMostimportantproductsforexportofficemachines,householdappliances,chemicals,metalmanufactures,petroleumproducts,etc.vRankingfirstinexportofagriculturalproductsvLeadingexporterofcivilaircraft,service,technologyandweapons5. Foreign TradeForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvAmericabiggestpercentageofimportsintheworldimportcapacity15%oftheworldstotalmajorproductsforimportstin,nickel,etc.vIndustriesbuiltaroundacontinuoussupplyofessentialrawmaterialsvThelargestsingle-countryprovideroftrade-relatedassistance5. Foreign TradeGrowth and decline of the U.S. foreign trade volume determine the trend of the world economy. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressSummary and ReflectionRelate to what you have learned in Chapter 10, state your own understanding of the following questions: How did the US Constitution lay groundwork for Americas economic development? Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in Americas economic development. How do you think about the relationship between the US economy and the global economy?The United States of America结束！结束！