学习必备欢迎下载英语语法中的时态（tense ）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。时态 ? 一般分为过去式、现在式、未来式，通常也有与表示动作进行或终止的进行式和完成式等体貌一起相连用的情况。时态连同语气、语态、体貌和人称为动词形式至少可能能够表现出的5 种语法特性。动词的现在时一般现在时(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与 often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如：The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态Ill tell her about it as soon as I see her. When does the train arrive? 火车几点到？(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart. 防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。(6) 电视节目直播解说Its Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championshipgoes to 19-year-old Harry Carter. 该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19 岁的哈利- 卡特。现在进行时(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常用表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today, this week, this month, this year, this term,now等。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与only, merely, simply, really,fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly等频度副词连用。如：She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。(4) 补充说明1 在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字眼，但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如：Its raining heavily. 下大雨了。How is everything going? 事情进展如何？2 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有：表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。表示存在或所属的词，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。表示认识或理解的词，如： understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。现在完成时(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态现在完成时的这种用法通常与由since或 for引导的时间状语连用。如：The old man have lived here for more than twenty years. 老人已在此住了20 多年了。(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作1 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗？2 有时现在完成时和now, today, this morning, this week, this year等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：I haven t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作Ill go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework. 我完成作业后就去参加聚会。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用 I have not heard from her so far. 到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。We have learned five hundred words up to the present. 到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。现在完成进行时(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作Ive been writing letters all this morning. 我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）ONeil is ill. He s been lying in the bed for three weeks. 奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3 个星期了。（动作会继续下去）(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：What have you been doing all this time? 你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years. 这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）动词的过去时一般过去时(1) 一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态1 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday),then, at that time, at that moment, just now, a few days(weeks, months, years) ago等。例句：Lucy turned off all the lights before she went out. 出门前露茜关了所有的灯。2 一般过去时也可以与today, this week(month, year)等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语应指过去。如：Did you see him today? 你今天见他了吗？（today指今天已过去的某一时刻）3 一般过去时还可以和for或 since引导的时间状语连用。如：I stayed there for two months. 我在那里呆了两个月。Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事都没有发生。(2) 有时一般过去时的时间状语或是在上下文、或是暗含于句中Who was that? 那人是谁？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载I saw Ker in town. 我在城里看见了克尔。(3) 一般过去时在时间和条件状语从句中表示过去将来的动作或状态。Hans said he would let us know if he got any news. 汉斯说要是得到消息就告诉我们。过去进行时(1) 过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作1 过去进行时通常和时间状语连用。如：We were having dinner when they came. 他们来的时候，我们正在吃饭。2 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续的动作。如：Carlos was staying at home all last week. 上周整整一周卡洛斯都在家呆着。They were building a dam last spring. 去年春天他们一直在修一个水坝。3 过去进行时表示与过去某个动作同时发生的动作。如：I was reading while she was writing. 我在读书，她在写字。4 有时过去进行时用于主句，位于其后的when 引导的从句表示意外发生的情况：I was walking in the street when it began to rain. 我正在街上走着，突然下起了雨。(2) 过去进行时表示过去将来的动作过去进行时的这种用法多表示过去的打算，通常仅限于come, go, leave, depart, start等一些表示移动的动词。如：He didnt know whether she was coming. 他不知道她是否会来。The delegation was departing three days later. 代表团打算三天后动身。过去完成时(1) 过去完成时表示过去某时之前结束的动作或状态When he got there, the train had already left. 他到了那儿时火车已经离开了。Ina realized she had made a mistake. 艾娜意识到她犯了个错误。(2) 过去完成时与when 等从句连用had+just / barely / hardly / scarcely+done.when., no sooner.than. 是表示“刚就”或“不等就”的固定句型。如：No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. 我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 我没有走多远就赶上他们了。(3) 过去完成时表示持续到过去某时之前的动作或状态We had finished the work by nine oclock yesterday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载昨晚九点前我们已完成了工作。The company had completed the project by the end of 1999. 到 1999 年底公司已完成了那个项目。过去完成时表示未实现的愿望过去完成时表示未实现的愿望的用法仅限于expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, think,want等动词，过去时间往往由一般过去时表达。如：I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言，可是时间不允许。I had hoped you might know. 我本希望你会知道的。过去完成进行时过去完成时主要表示持续到过去某时之前的动作。如：I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这个东西，我找了好多天才找着。The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. 电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。He was tired. Hed been working all day.他累了。他工作了一整天。After hed been lecturing for half an hour, Professor Brown had a drink of water. 布朗教授讲了半小时课之后，他喝了一点水。动词的将来时一般将来时(1) 基本用法1 一般将来时常用来表示将来时间的动作或状况。如：Helena will be twenty next year. 海伦娜明年就二十岁了。2 一般将来时用于真实条件句和时间状语从句的主句中表示将来的情况。如：Ill tell you as soon as he comes. 他一来我就告诉你。3 用于条件状语从句表示愿望或意愿。如：If you will wait for me, I shall come back soon. 如果你愿意等我，我马上就回来。4 一般将来时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：The shop wont open until nine. 这家商店九点才会开门。Children will be children. 孩子就是孩子。(2) be going to 动词原形这一结构表示打算或准备好要做的事或有迹象表明要发生的天气变化等情况。如：What are you going to do during the summer holiday? 你暑假打算做什么？The train is going to arrive. 火车就要到了。(3) 现在进行时（be 现在分词）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载有些动词的现在进行时可以表示将要发生的动作，表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。这类动词有：go, come, leave,start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly等。如：Annie is coming to supper this evening. 安妮今晚要来吃饭。(4) be to 动词原形这一结构可表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事。如：When are they to come? 他们什么时候来？We are to meet at the school gate. 我们约好在校门口见。(5) be about to 动词原形这一结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。如：He is about to leave. 他马上就要动身。The vacation is about to start. 假期即将开始。将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。常表示已安排好之事，给人一种期待感。如：What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 明天这个时候你将做什么？The train will be leaving in a second. 火车马上就开。将来完成时(1) 将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，往往对将来某一时间产生影响。如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 我将在本周末前读完这本书。Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter. 过不久，他很快就会把这件事全然忘记。(2) 将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态。如：By the time he graduates, he will have studied French for four years. 到他毕业的时候，他学法语就满四年了。By the time Pierce comes back from the meeting, we will have waited here for three hours. 到皮尔斯开会回来的时候，我们已经在这儿等了三个钟头了。过去将来时(1) 过去将来时表示过去某时之后将出现的情况，通常用于宾语从句中。如：I thought he would come. 我以为他会来。Jenny never imagined that she would become a doctor. 詹妮从没想到自己会当医生。(2) 表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情。如：The old lady was fifty-eight then. In two years she would be sixty. 老太太当时五十八岁，再过两年就六十了。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载I didn t think they would have any objection to it. 我想他们不会有什么反对意见。(3) 表示过去习惯性动作（不管什么人称都用would ）。如：Whenever he had time, Harris would go to see his grandmother. 哈里斯一有时间就去看他奶奶。Joanna would go for a walk after 时态转换一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“ It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is 来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“ Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如 at work（在工作）, at school （上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 互相转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“ It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is 来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“ Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 8 页学习必备欢迎下载B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the League. 二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换在一般现在时中，at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如 at work（在工作）, at school （上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon. 四、“ be going to+动词原形”与“ will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday. We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 8 页