Unit2Thefineartofputtingthingsoff1DiscussionIfyouaregoingtosubmityourEnglishcompositionbytheendofnextweek,willyoustartwritingitrightnoworwaituntilthenightbeforethedeadline?Doesitmakeyoucomfortabletodoso?21.Procrastinationisthethiefoftimeisaverywell-knownproverbthatremindsusthatweshouldNeverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday,whichisyetanotherproverb.Haveyoubeentaughttodothingspromptly?Doyoubelieveinthesetwoproverbsandactaccordingly?2.Therearepeoplewholiketodothingspromptlyandalsopeoplewhoarepronetopostponewhatevertheyaresupposedtodo.Towhichcategorydoyouthinkyouyourselfbelong?Whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesofbeingado-it-nowerorapostponer?3Do-it-nowersvs.postponerNotinorderKeepeverythinginorder4Keepirregularhours;behindthescheduleKeepregularhours;punctual3DelayuntilthedeadlineandfindexcusesfordelayDosomethinglongbeforethedeadline2Withoutcarefulplan;inahurryPlansth.carefullyinadvance1postponerDo-it-nowers4Whataretheprosandconsofprocrastination?BecomeindecisiveAvoidmakinghastydecisions6IncreasedfeelingsofoverwhelmGetmoreusefulinformation7FallbehindorloseyourcompetitiveedgeMakesroomforcreativity5NegativeimpactonrelationshipCooldownyouranger8PutyouinanawkwardandpassivesituationProblemsmayendupgettingsolved4DrainyourmentalenergyPutoffunpleasanttasksinfavorofmoreenjoyablethings3MissanopportunityCreatetimeforsomethingelsethatismoreimportant2Decreasedself-confidenceReducestress/pressure/anxiety1NegativePositive5TextStructure:ArgumentationThesis:ProcrastinationisnotaltogetherabadpracticeI.Presentingthetopic(1-2)1.Fourexamplesofprocrastination2.ClassificationofhumanbeingsintotwocategoriesII.Elaboration(3-7)3.Intheliterary/artisticfield:inspiring,reviving,stimulating4.Inthemilitary,diplomaticandlawfield:timetoreflect;strategies5.Inthebusinessfield:avoidmakinghastyandcostlydecision6.Intheadministrativefield:avoidhastydecisions7.Intheacademicfield:acommonpractice6III.Explanation(8)1)Unwillingtoconfrontsomethingtheydread2)AnunconsciouswayofsortingtheimportantfromthetrivialIV.Conclusion(9)1)Manydecisionsmaybeimprovedifpostponed2)Timeisnotmeanttobedevouredbuttobeconsumeddelicatelyandwithouthaste7CoherenceThecentralissueofDemarestsessayisthenotionofprocrastination,whichrunsthroughthewholepieceofwritingandcontributes,toagreatextent,toitscoherence.CoherenceandCohesionWhilecoherenceisbasicallyamatterofmeaning,grammaticalandlexicaldevices,knownascohesion,arealsousedtoenablethereadertofeelmoreclearlythecoherenceofwriting.8CohesiveDevicesAnimportantcohesivedeviceusedinEnglishisreference,whichmeanstheuseofsuchwordsasdemonstrativepronouns,personalpronouns,andthedefinitearticletorefer,inmostcases,towhathasbeenmentionedearlierorsometimestowhatisgoingtobementionedlater.Apartfromreference,conjunction,i.e.theuseoftheso-calledtransitionalwordsandphrases,andlexicalcohesion,i.e.therepetitionofawordinexactlyitsoriginalformorinitssynonym,ortheuseofrelatedwordssuchasitsantonymsarealsocommontypesofcohesioninEnglish.9LocationsofCohesionCohesionisoftenfoundbetweensentencestomakethemhangtogether.Butitcanalsobeusedbetweenparagraphstoweavethemmorecloselyintoonepiece.MoreExamplesfromtheTextTheuseofthewordyetatthebeginningofpara.3indicatesthatinthisparagraphthereaderwillfindsomethingcontrarytowhathehasreadaboutintheprecedingone.(Para.2illustratesthetroubleprocrastinationmayincurwhilepara.3tellsthereaderthatdelaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.)Atthebeginningofpara.4,thewordcunctatorisrepeated,itsfirstoccurrencebeinginpara.1.10Para.5beginswiththeparodyoftheproverbWherethereisawill,thereisaway.Thewordwillintheparodyrepeatsthewordwillinthelastsentenceofpara.4,thoughusedinadifferentsense.Hispointatthebeginningofpara.6referstowhatManderbachsaysintheprecedingparagraphs.Theuseofthewordalsointhefirstsentenceofpara.7referstoasimilarsituationmentionedpreviously.11LibraryWork1.PhilipDormerStanhope,4thEarl(伯爵)ofChesterfield,(1694-1773),Englishstatesman,oratorandauthor.Hisliteraryreputationrestuponhisletterstohisillegitimateson,PhilipStanhope,whowasborninHollandin1732.Theletters,filledwithwitandworldlywisdom,werepublishedunderthetitleLetterstoHisSon(1774)12LibraryWork2.SamuelJohnson,(17091784),Englishpoet,critic,andmanofletters,theliterarydictatorofEnglandinthelatterhalfoftheeighteenthcenturyandoneofthemostfamouspersonalitiesofhistime.HeisbestknownforhisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),whichisinsomerespectsaninnovationinlexicography.Hehadthestrongestinfluenceofanyofhiscontemporariesontheliterarythoughtandstyleofthelatterpartoftheeighteenthcentury.133.QuintusFabiusMaximusCunctator(ca.280203B.C.),RomangeneralwhosecautiousdelayingtacticsduringtheearlystagesoftheSecondPunicWar(218201B.C.)gaveRometimetorecoveritsstrengthandtaketheoffensiveagainsttheinvadingCarthaginianarmyofHannibal(247163B.C.),whosworeeternalenmitytoRome.14TheStoryofMosesHiddeninaBasketWhenMoseswasborntheHebrewswereslavesinEgypt.Pharaohwasafraidofthembecausehethoughttheymighttakeoverhiscountry.HeorderedthatallHebrewbabyboysbekilledatbirthsothattheywouldnotgrowupandfightagainsthim.TosaveMoseshismothermadeaplan.ShehidhiminabasketbythesideoftheRiverNile.15MosesisRescuedMosessisterMiriamwatchedoverhimuntilPharaohsdaughtercametotherivertowash.ShefoundMosesinhisbasket.Miriamtoldhersheknewawomanwhocouldbeanurseforthebaby.Itwashismother.Pharaohsdaughtertookhimbacktolivewithherasthoughhewereherson.16GodSpeakstoMosesMosesgrewupasanEgyptianprince,butheneverforgothewasaHebrew.OnedayMoseslosthistemperandkilledanEgyptianwhohadbeatenaHebrewslavetodeath.Hehadtorunawaytoanotherland.GodspoketohimfromaburningbushandtoldhimhemustgobackandfreetheHebrewsfromslavery.17TheTenPlaguesMoseswenttoPharaohtoaskhimtosettheHebrewsfree.Pharaohdidnotwanttolosehisslaves.Hewouldnotletthemgo,becausetheyworkedonhisgrandbuildings.AwfulthingsbegantohappeninEgypt.Thereweretenplagues.Beforeeachone,MoseshadwarnedPharaohwhatwouldhappen.MosestoldhimthedisastershadbeensentbyGod.18TheHebrewsareFreedThelastplaguewastheworst.TheeldestsonineveryEgyptianfamily,includingPharaohs,died.GodhadwarnedMosestomarkthedoorpostsofallHebrewhousessothatHebrewboyswouldbesafe.PharaohwassoupsetbylosinghissonthathesaidtheHebrewscouldleaveEgypt.19AChangeofMindTheHebrewsknewtheymustleaveEgyptquickly.Theyneededfoodtotakewiththem.Therewasnotimetoletthebreadrisebeforeitwascooked.Theyhadtotakethedoughasitwas.Pharaohchangedhismindagainandsenthisarmyafterthemtobringthemback.20MosesPartstheSeaThearmychasedtheHebrewstothebanksoftheRedSea.Theywouldhavebeentrappedbutamiraclehappened.GodtoldMosestoliftuphisrodandashedidsothewaterspartedtomakeadrypath.Theywereabletomaketheirescape.21TheHebrewsareSavedWhenalltheHebrewsweresafelyattheothershore,MoseslifteduphisrodagainandthewatersoftheseaclosedonPharaohsarmywhohadbeenchasingthem.GodhadsavedtheHebrews.The path disappeared 22GodLeadstheWayEventhoughtheHebrewswerefree,theywerestillinthedesert.TheywantedtofindalandcalledCanaanwhichGodhadpromisedthem.Thejourneywaslongandtheysoonranoutoffood.TheywereveryhungryandblamedMosesfortakingthemoutofEgypt.MosestoldthemthatGodwouldgivethemfood.Hungry in the Desert 23FoodandWaterGodtoldMoses,Iwillgivethepeoplefood.Thenextdaythegroundwascoveredwithawhitefoodwhichtastedlikehoney.Mosescalledthisfoodmanna.Godalsosentflocksofbirdscalledquailsthattheycookedandate.Whentheirwaterranout,GodtoldMosestostrikearockwithhisrod.Ashedidsowaterrushedoutandtheyallhadenoughtodrink.Water in the Desert 24MountSinaiAfterthreemonthsoftravellingtheHebrewscametothefootofMountSinai.GodcalledMosestomeethimonthemountain.Asheclimbedtherewasthunderandlightning.WhenhewasupthemountainGodgaveMosestenlawswhichtoldthepeoplehowtolive.Thunder and Lightning 25TheTenCommandmentsTheseTenCommandmentswerewrittenontwotabletsofstone.Mosesstayedsolongonthemountainthatthepeoplewaitingatthefootofthemountaingrewangry.TheydecidedtomakeanotherGodforthemselves.Itwasagoldencalf.The Ten Commandments 26TheTenCommandmentsWhenMosesreturnedhewasshockedtoseethepeopledancingandworshippingthegoldencalf.HebrokethetabletsGodhadgivenhimanddestroyedthegoldencalf.GodforgavehispeopleforworshippingthestatueandtoldMosestocuttwomoretabletsofstone.The Golden Calf 27GodsLawsMosestookthestonetabletsupthemountainandGodgavehimtheTenCommandmentsagain.WhenhecamedownallthepeoplelistenedtoMosesashetoldthemwhatGodhadsaid.MosespromisedGodthattheHebrewswouldkeepalloftheCommandments.2829exhortv.(formal)urgeoradvisestronglye.g.Theprofessorexhortedhisstudentstobemorecreativeintheirresearch.Netizensareexhortedtobecautiousinmakingfriendsonline.30theelegantearlnevergotaroundtomarryinghissonsmotherThisimpliesthatLordChesterfieldssonwasanillegitimatechild.Earlisarankofanobleman,andLordishistitle.TheranksfornoblemenintheUKareDuke,Marquis,Earl,ViscountandBaron,intheorderofdescendingstatus.getaroundtodoingsth.findtimetodosth.Whatwithhisworkandstudy,henevergotaroundtovisitingthenewMuseum.31attesttobeproofof;demonstrateHisversatilityasajournalistatteststohiswidelearningandrichlifeexperience.themostwell-intentionedmenhavebeenpostponerseverLordChesterfieldissaidtobeoneofthemostwell-intentionedmen,yethealsopostponed.32Thattheelegantearlatteststothefactthateventhemostwell-intentionedmenhavebeenpostponersever.Thewell-admiredearlwasneverabletofindtimetomarryhissonsmotherashehadmeantto,andhewouldoftenevenletpeoplelikeDr.Johnsonwaitforalongwhilebeforecomingouttomeetthem,whichwellprovesthateventhosemostrespectedandadmiredfiguresaregoodpostponers.译文：这位优雅的伯爵从来没有娶成他儿子的母亲，而且有一个坏习惯，就是让约翰逊博士这样的大人物在前厅等上几个小时把脚晾凉。这一点证明了即使是用意最好的人也曾经拖延过。33dubv. give(sb.)anunofficialnameornicknameThechildischubbyandcheerful,sowedubbedhimAh-fu.Dubalsomeans“provide(afilm)withasoundtrackinadifferentlanguagefromtheoriginal”录音WithageneralimprovementintheirEnglishproficiency,moreandmoreyoungpeopleprefertowatchamovieintheoriginalinsteadofonedubbedinChinese.34pleadv. (formal)togiveasanexcuseforanactionWheneverhefailedtodohiswork,hepleadedlackoftime.Pleadhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Themostcommonlyusedmeaningistoaskearnestlyandinabeggingway.ThechildpleadedwithhisparentstolethimwatchTVatsuppertime.Shepleadedformoretimetofinishherwork.35rationalizeattempttoexplainorjustifyonesactionwithplausiblereasons,eveniftheyarenottrueorappropriatee.g.Dontrationalizeyourincompetencebyfindingfaultwiththemethod.Itisdifficulttorationalizethebehaviorofteenagersatacertainstageoftheirdevelopment.36Hamlet,ofcourse,raisedprocrastinationtoanartform.AccordingtoanoldGermaniclegend,youngPrinceHamletofDenmarkseesaghostwhotellshimthathisfatherthekingwasmurderedbyClaudius,Hamletsuncle,whonowholdsthethroneandmarrieshismother.TheghostmakesHamletsweartoavengethemurder.Hamletsmelancholyandquestioningnatureandhisuncertaintyabouttheghostsstorypreventhimfromtakingimmediateaction.Shakespeare,thegreatEnglishdramatist,transformedthetaleintoadramaofgreatpsychologicalandphilosophicaldepthinabout1,600.371.HowdoesDemarestbeginhisessay?Isitaneffectivebeginning?(para.1)HebeginswiththefamoussayingofChesterfieldsandinstancesofsomehistoricallywell-knownfigures.Yes.Thiseffectivelyremindspeoplethatprocrastinationisnotunderallcircumstancesanon-recommendablepractice;sometimespeopledohaveagoodreasontowaitbeforetheytakeaction.38TherearethosewhopreparetheirincometaxesinFebruaryIntheU.S.federalincometaxiscollectedbytheInternalRevenueServiceandmoststatesalsohaveadditionalincometax.Ataxyeariscountedfrom1Januaryto31Decemberandoneisrequiredtofilefederalincometaxreturnsby15Aprilanddeadlinesforfilingstateincometaxdiffersuchas1MayinVirginia.SothosewhopreparetheirincometaxesinFebruaryarewellaheadofthedeadlines.Hereitservesasanexampleofthedo-it-nowers.39theapocalypticvoiceofDinersthreatensdoomfromDenveramenacingorderfromDenver,theheadofficeoftheDinerscreditcard,thatforebodescatastrophe.DinersreferstotheDinersClub,Inc.,U.S.A.Itwasthisclubthatintroduced,in1950,thefirstuniversalcredit-cardwhichcouldbeusedatavarietyofestablishments.40FaustianencountersAccordingtolegend,FaustwasawanderingscholarinGermany.Hewasknownforhismagicdeeds.AfterFaustsdeath,peoplebegantotellmoreandmoreofhismagicdeeds.Goethe(17491832),thegreatGermanpoet,dramatist,andnovelist,turnedthelegendintoadramaticpoem.InGoethesFaust(17901831),theherohadmanyencounterswithMephistopheles,thedevil.41WhydoesDemarestrefertovisitstothebarber,thedentist,andthedoctorasFaustianencounters(para.2)?FaustianencountersrefertoFaustsencounterswiththedevilMephistopheles.Naturallytheyareundesirable.Mostpeopleareunwillingtovisitbarbers,doctors,anddentists.42Yetforallthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur,delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoul.Itistruethatdelaycausesproblems,but,inmanycases,ithelpsstimulatethecreativityinaperson.43incurv.becomesubjectto(sth.unpleasant)asaresultofonesownactionThecompanyincurredaheavylossduetomismanagement.Suchanambitiousprojectwouldsurelyincurremarkableexpenses.44(Bridget)Jean(Collins)Kerr(19232003)U.S.humoristanddramatist.Kerrissaidtobeoneofthefunniestwomenwritersofhergeneration.ShehadhonoraryL.H.D.(DoctorofHumanities)degreesfromNorthwesternandFordhamUniversities.Herpublicationsinclude:JennyKissedMe(1949),Mary,Mary(1963),andPleaseDontEattheDaisies(1957).45JeanKerr,authorofmanysuccessfulnovelsandplays,saysthatshereadseverysoup-canandjam-jarlabelinherkitchenbeforesettlingdowntohertypewriter.译文：吉恩克尔写过很多成功的小说和剧本。她说，在坐到打字机之前，她要把厨房里的每个汤罐和每个果酱瓶上的标签都读一遍。46theartofpostponementhadbeenvirtuallyamonopolyofthemilitary(Hurryupandwait),diplomacyandthelawthepracticeofputtingthingsoffhadalmostbeenexclusivelydonebythemilitary,etc.Theimpliedmeaningisthatthemilitarycommanders,thediplomats,andthelawyersarealmosttheworstdelayers.47ruminatev.(formal)thinkdeeplyandcarefullyHeruminatedover/onthesituationbeforehemadethefinaldecision.Sheruminatedforalongtimebeforesheexpressedheropinion.48SingaporeSlingSlingherereferstoanalcoholicdrinkwhichisusuallymadeofwhiskey,brandy,orespeciallygin,withwater,sugarandsometimesbitters.SingaporeSlingisaslinginwhichcherrybrandyisaddedtotheusualginbase.49BlessedlyItmeansfortunately.ThenatteringTelexwouldhavefacilitatedthesupplyofweaponsanddispatchoftroops,deprivingtheproconsuloftheexcusetodelayaction.50Telexaninternationalsystemoftelegraphywithprintedmessagestransmittedandreceivedbyteleprintersusingthepublictelecommunicationsnetwork.Thewordisablendofteleprinterandexchange.51counterpartn.apersonorthingthatdoesthesamejoborhasthesamepurposeasanotherinadifferentsysteme.g.TheU.S.counterpartoftheHouseofCommonsinBritainistheHouseofRepresentatives.Theuniversitypresidentismeetinghiscounterpartsfromvariouspartsoftheworld.52theworldsmostaddictedpostponerstheworldsworstpostponerswhojustcouldnotfreethemselvesfrompostponingAddicted(adj.)literallymeansdependentonsth.(usuallyadrug)andunabletostophavingit.Heisaddictedtococaine/heroin.53BeverlyHillscityinsouthernCalifornia,completelysurroundedbythecityofLosAngeles54Thenumberofattorneyswhodiewithoutawillisamazing.Itisausualpracticeforpeopletomakeawill,anofficialstatementofthewaytheywishtheirpropertytobesharedoutaftertheirdeathbeforetheydie.Anditisgenerallytheattorneysorlawyerswhoadministerthewills.Butattorneysthemselvespostponemakingtheirownwills.55Evenwherethereisnowill,thereisaway.Evenwhenwhereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.ThisisaparodyoftheproverbWheretheresawill,theresaway,meaning,Ifonehasthedeterminationtoachievesomething,awayofdoingsowillbefound.56ExplainDemarestsdistortionoftheproverbwherethereisnowill,thereisawayatthebeginningofpara.5.Theauthorisplaying/punningonthewordwill.Therepetitionofthewordservesasacohesivetiebetweenthetwoparagraphs.Butmindthatthewordisusedindifferentsensesinthetwoinstances.Intheprecedingparagraph,willmeansastatementinwritingsayinghowsomeonewisheshispropertytobedistributedafterhisdeath.Inthedistortedversionoftheoldsaying,thewordwillisusedinthesenseofvolition.ThusitmeansEvenwhenthereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.Hegoesontoillustratehispointbygivingexamples.57BankofAmericaaU.S.bankinginstitutionwithheadquartersinSanFrancisco,California,andaboutninehundredbranchesthroughoutthestate.ItisthelargestcommercialbankintheU.S.andthelargestnongovernmentbankintheworld.58Thereisalways,saysManderbach,adelicateedgebetweenhavingenoughinformationandtoomuch.“Thereisnotalwaysaclearlinethatdistinguishesenoughinformationfromexcessiveinformation,”saysManderbach,“soonecanalwaysfindanexcuseforhisnotgettingtodoanythingrightaway.”59Hispointiswelltaken.Whathesaidisacceptedastrueorworthyofattention.60bureaucratizationn.thepracticeofgoverningaplacebyexceedinglycomplicatedadministrativeprocedure;thestateofbeingsubjecttobureaucracybureau,bureaucracy(redtape),bureaucratic61flourishv. developrapidlyPostmodernismmadeitsfirstappearanceinthelatetwentiethcenturyandcontinuestoflourishnow.Flourish,whenspeakingofaperson,ananimal,etc.meansgrowordevelopinahealthyorvigorousway.Thetreesplantedontheschoolcampusareflourishing.Werehappytoseethesedisabledchildrenflourishintheirfoster-homes.62smotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisalpreventpolicymakersfromactingpromptly/frommakingpromptdecisionsbyexcessiveadherencetolaw,bymakingconcessions,andbymakingrepeatedassessments63Bureaucratization,wasdesignedtosmotherpolicymakersinblanketsoflegalism,compromiseandreappraisalTranslation:随着政府负担日益加重和社会形势日趋复杂，官僚化盛行开来，其目的就是使政策制定者在墨守陈规、寻求妥协和重新评估的过程中窒息这样就不会做出草率的决定了。64WatergatereferringtotheseriesofscandalsinvolvingtheadministrationofU.S.PresidentRichardNixon(19691972,inoffice)65bestuddedwithbecoveredwithsomethinglikestudse.g.theskystuddedwithstars;aseastuddedwithislands.Sowhenlanguagesarestuddedwithphrases,youfindphrasesinlanguagesjustlikestuds.66takeshighhonorsdoverywell,earngreatdistinctionHonorsreferstothespecialrankordistinctionconferredbyauniversity,college,orschooluponanoutstandingstudent.Here,theauthorissayingplayfullythatacademicpeoplearenobetterpostponersthanothers.67churnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingadayproducesthreetofivepagesaday.Churnout,whichmeansproducesth.(esp.sth.ofbadquality)routinelyormechanically,esp.inlargequantities,isusedbytheauthorironicallyandjokinglyhere.Threetofivepagesofwritingcannotbeconsideredasalargequantity.68checkingoutthelatestbookexaminingthelatestbookcarefully;borrowingthelatestbookfromthelibrary69Academealsotakeshighhonorsinprocrastination.BernardSklar,aUniversityofSouthernCaliforniasociologistwhochurnsoutthreetofivepagesofwritingaday,admitsthatmanyofmyfriendsgothroughagonieswhentheyfaceablankpage.Thereareallsortsofrationalizations:thepressureofteaching,responsibilitiesathome,checkingoutthelatestbook,lookingupanotherfootnote.译文：学术界在做事拖拉方面也享有盛名。伯纳德斯科拉是南加州大学的一位社会学家，每天能写出三到五页的东西。他承认道，“我的很多朋友在面对白纸时痛苦不堪。对此有各种各样的理由：教学的压力、家庭的责任、研读最近的新书、查阅新的注释。”70assiduousadj.showinggreatcareandperseverance;hard-workingJohnisassiduousindoingresearchwork.Heisknownasanassiduousscholar,alwaysexploringnewfieldsofstudy.71MarilynMonroe(19261962)U.S.movieactress.Shewasaworld-famoussexsymboland,afterherdeath,aHollywoodlegend.Frustratedinherambitiontobecomeaseriousactress,shecommittedsuicideatthirty-six.72confrontv.faceuptoanddealwithaproblemoradifficultsituatione.g.Asoldierhastoconfrontdangeranddeath.Heconfrontedthedifficulttaskwithcourageandoptimism.Iamconfrontedwithmanydifficulties.Onlywhenthepoliceconfrontedherwithevidencedidsheadmitthatshehadstolenthemoney.73themomentoftruthatimewhenapersonistested,adecisionhastobemade,oracrisishastobefaced74evadev.findawayofnotdoingsth.thatmustbedonee.g.Hetriedtoevadethequestionsabouthispast.Theproblemisperhapsdifficulttosolve,butitshouldnotbeevaded.751.Howdoyouexplaintheparenthesis(at$50-plusanhour)inpara.8?Thisisahumoroustouch.Thisreferstowhatthepsychologists(moreexactlypsychiatristsorpsychoanalysts)chargetheirclientsfortheconsultations.Thisexplainswhytheyalwaysdelaycuringtheirpatients.2.ThinkofoneortwoexamplestoillustratewhatDr.GreensonsaysAllfrightenedpeoplewillthenavoidthemomentoftruthentirely,orevadeorpostponeituntilthelastpossiblemoment.(para.8)Forexample,apersonwhohasabadtoothtendstodelayhisvisittothedentistuntilthepainbecomesintolerable.76Infact,thereisalongandhonorablehistoryofprocrastinationtosuggestthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaywellimproveifpostponed.Thefactthatthehabitofpostponementcanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationhasindicatedthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaybecomemoreaccomplished,iftheyaredelayedlongerinapplication.77parliamentaryprocessInWesterncountries,aparliamentgenerallyhasthreeparts:achiefofstate,anupperchamber,andalowerchamber.Thelowerhousepasseslaws;theupperhouseexaminestheselawsand,ifnecessary,revisesthem;andtheheadofstatethenapprovesthelawsandmakesthemofficial.Inthesimplestterms,aparliamentoperatesinthisway.78forthatmatterThisphraseisusedtoemphasizeorindicatethatastatementmadebyapersoninonecaseisalsotrueinanothercase.79So,forthatmatter,isthecreationofagreatpainting,oranentre,orabook,orabuildinglikeBlenheimPalace,whichtooktheDukeofMarlboroughsarchitectsandlaborers15yearstoconstruct.译文：同样的情况也出现在其他地方，包括创作伟大的画作、烹饪主菜、撰写著作、或兴建布伦海姆宫那样的建筑工程花了马布罗公爵的建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。80theDukeofMarlboroughJohnChurchill,1stDukeofMarlborough(16501722),Englishgeneralandstatesman,oneofthegreatestmilitarycommandersinhistory81T(erence)H(anbury)White(19061964)Englishnovelist.HisnovelTheSwordintheStonewasfirstpublishedin1938.82timeisnotmeanttobedevouredinanhouroraday,buttobeconsumeddelicatelyandgraduallyandwithouthaste.Timeisnottobespentinagreathurry,butratherbewhiledawayinaslowandcarefulway.83paceThisisaprepositioninLatin,meaningwithallduerespectordeferencetothepersonnamed(inannouncingacontraryopinion).84WhilethepointsDemarestmakesabouthissubjectmatterareserious,thetoneofhiswritingisamixtureoftheseriousandthehumorous.Identifyhisshiftsintonefromonetotheother.(para.9)Whilethestatementatthebeginningofpara.3delaycanofteninspireandreviveacreativesoulisaseriousone,thefollowingillustrationsdonotsoundtobeso.ButrememberJeanKerrwasahumorist.Whathesaysabouttheprocrastinationinthearmy,thoughabitoverstated,maystillbeseriouslymeant.Thetwoillustrativeexamples,especiallytheoneoftheU.S.generalstakingasportingdayofftodelaythebattle,areinstancesofhumouratthecostofcredibility.Inthelastparagraphtheinclusionofthecreationofanentreeaddsahumoroustouchtootherseriousillustrationssuchasthecreationofagreatpainting,abook,andabuilding.851. Doyouagreethatprocrastinationisnotallbad?Ifyoudo,addanexampleofyourowntosupportit.Ifyoudont,thengiveanexampletoshowthetroubleprocrastinationmayincur.2. Therearesomecommonpracticesinourdailylifethathavenearlyalwaysbeenviewedinanegativelight,suchasprocrastination.Inthetextyoucanseehowtheauthorsucceedsindispellingtheprejudicesagainstprocrastinationandgivingititsdue.Canyoudosomethingsimilarinagroupdiscussion?8687ClosingWhyDoWeNeedClosing?Anessaymustbeginwell,anditmustendwell,too.Theopeningintroducesthebodyoftheessay,andtheclosingannouncesTheEndofanessay.WhatMakesaGoodClosing?Butonoccasions,youmayfeelthattomerelysignaltheendinthefinalparagraphisjustnotenough.Thecentralpointandmainideasmayrequirereinforcement,orasummary,especiallyforalongandcomplexsubject,soastoleaveyourreaderswithmemorablefinalthoughtorimage.Whenitcomestothewritingofaclosing,youmustmakecertainthatyourconclusionbothsignalstheendofyourdiscussionandhighlightsyourmessage.88WhatMakesaBadClosing?Toannouncethatyouhavefinishedyourwritingtaskisneversoeasy.Youareaskedtotellyourreadersthatyouhavedealtwiththetopicasfullyasyoucanandthatyoubelieveyourdiscussionhasbeencomplete.Suchastatementishardtofind,andamechanicalrepetitionofearlierremarkscanonlyweakenthesignificanceofyourmessage.Byamererepetition,youarelikelytolosetheadvantageofthespecialpositionclosingshold.89WhyisClosingImportant?Closinganessayeffectivelyisessentialtoachievingbothunityandcoherence.Bothopeningsandclosingsdemandemphasisonthecontextofthemessage.However,youalsoneedtorememberthatanopeningintroducesthecontexttoyourreaders,whileaclosingwindsupthecontext.Thewordingineachshouldthusbedifferent.Inaddition,theclosingofanessaymustbecompleteandwholewithinitself.Thisdoesnotmeanthatthefirstandfinalparagraphsarethemostimportant.Aneffectiveopeningorafineclosingdoesnotsalvageanotherwisefoolishorbadlyorganizedtheme.Itdoesmeanthatanessaymustbeginwellandmustendwell.90AnExampleReadthefollowingopeningandclosingparagraphs,andnoticehowthewriterappliesaclosingtechnique:Opening:Nooneperhapshaseverfeltpassionatelytowardsaleadpencil.Buttherearecircumstancesinwhichitcanbecomesupremelydesirabletopossessone;momentswhenwearesetuponhavinganobject,anexcuseforwalkinghalfacrossLondonbetweenteaanddinner.Asthefoxhunterhuntsinordertopreservethebreedoffoxes,andthegolferplaysinorderthatopenspacesmaybepreservedfromthebuilders,sowhenthedesirecomesuponustogostreetramblingapencildoesforapretext,andgettingupwesay:91ReallyImustbuyapencil,asifundercoverofthisexcusewecouldindulgesafelyinthegreatestpleasureoftownlifeinwinterramblingthestreetsofLondon.Closing:Thatistrue:toescapeisthegreatestofpleasures;streethuntinginwinterthegreatestofadventures.Stillasweapproachourowndoorstepagain,itiscomfortingtofeeltheoldpossession,theoldprejudices,foldusround;andtheself,whichhasbeenblownaboutatsomanystreetcorners,whichhasbatteredlikeamothattheflameofsomanyinaccessiblelanterns,shelteredandenclosed.Hereagainistheusualdoor;herethechairturnedasweleftitandthechinabowlandthebrownringonthecarpet.Andhereletusexamineittenderly,letustouchitwithreverenceistheonlyspoilwehaveretrievedfromallthetreasuresofthecity,aleadpencil.92或许不曾有人对一支铅笔求之不得欣喜不已，但是我们却总有占有某物的欲望之火熊熊燃烧的时候，我们却总有决心得到一个物品，以作为我们茶余饭后漫步伦敦的借口的时候。正如猎狐者为了狐狸生生不息的繁衍而打猎，正如高尔夫球运动者为了保护广阔空旷的土地免遭建设者的蹂躏而打球一样。当漫步街区的欲望不期而至，买铅笔只不过是一个借口罢了。于是我们起身立之，喃喃自语道：“我确实必须要去买一支铅笔。”似乎在这冠冕堂皇的借口之下，我们可以尽情地沉溺在冬日城镇生活的愉悦惬意中闲庭漫步于伦敦街区。93AnalysisIntheaboveexample,wenoticethatthepatternsofdevelopmentinthesetwoparagraphsarereversed.Thefirstbeganwithaleadpencilandendedwithstreetrambling;thesecondbeganwithstreethuntingandendedwithaleadpencil.Thustheessayneatlycompletedafullcircleandendedwhereithadstarted.Thisisamoresubtlesignalofclosingthandulloroverusedexpressionssuchasfinally,inconclusion,tosumup,asIsaid,orletmerepeat.94TechniquesofClosingWritingAnumberoftechniquesthatareworkableforopeningscanalsobeemployedinclosings.Herearesometechniquesforwritingeffectiveclosings,which,inactualpractice,canbeusedindividuallyorincombinationtobringyouressaystoasmoothandlogicalending.SummingupkeypointsWhetheryouarebuyingacarorinvestinginamutualfund,learnthefactsbeforeyouspendyourmoney.Neverrelysolelyonthewordofasalesperson,afriendoracquaintance,orevenarelativewithoutdoingyourownresearch.Youworkhardtoearnyourmoney.Workequallyhardtospenditwisely.CallingforactionIfyouwanttofeelbetterandworkmoreproductively,getupoffthecouchandexercise!95MakingafinalpointTheultimateironyisthatsomeactorsbecomesocloselyidentifiedwiththecharacterstheyplaythataudienceshavedifficultyacceptingtheminanyotherroles.AskingaquestionIfyoucontinuetosquanderournaturalresources,whatwillremainforourchildren?96Writetheopeningandclosingofanessay.Makesuretheclosingparagraphrestatesthethesisstatementintheopening.Notethatrestatingdoesnotmeanrepeating,andtheclosingissupposedtoputalogical,smooth,andemphaticendtothewholeessay.97Writeanessayofabout300wordsonIsItAlwaysWrongtoLie?Paycloseattentiontobothyouropeningandclosingandmakethemecho.Thetitleisanopen-endedquestion,soyoucantbewrongeitherway.Intheopening,makeaclearstatementofyourposition.Supportitwithgoodreasoningandconcreteexamplesinthebodyparagraphs.Intheclosing,restateyourpositionbysummarizingthemainideasinthebodyparagraphs.98991.Thewell-admiredearlwasneverabletofindtimetomarryhissonsmotherashehadmeantto,andhewouldoftenevenletpeoplelikeDr.Johnsonwaitforalongwhilebeforecomingouttomeetthem,whichwellprovesthateventhosemostrespectedandadmiredfiguresaregoodpostponers.2.Itistruethatdelaycausesproblems,but,inmanycases,ithelpsstimulatethecreativityinaperson.3.Evenwhenwhereisnowilltoprocrastinate,thereisawaytodoso.4.“Thereisnotalwaysaclearlinethatdistinguishesenoughinformationfromexcessiveinformation,”saysManderbach,“soonecanalwaysfindanexcuseforhisnotgettingtodoanythingrightaway.”5.Thefactthatthehabitofpostponementcanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationhasindicatedthatmanyideasanddecisionsmaybecomemoreaccomplished,iftheyaredelayedlongerinapplication.1001.FranklinexhortedreaderstobediligentandthriftyinhisAutobiography.2.Whocanattesttothegenuinenessofthesignature?3.HeisdubbedTinybecausehelookssosmallforhisage.4.Hetriedtorationalizehisrefusaltotaketheadvice.5.Hiswordsincurredourdispleasure.6.Itisvirtuallyimpossibleforustofinishtheworkwithinsuchashorttime.7.Heruminatedoverthelikelyconsequencesoftheoperation.8.Ittakesmanyyearsofassiduousefforttoreachthatlevelofproficiencyininterpretation.101事实上，拖延的历史悠久而光荣，这意味着如果推迟一下，许多想法和决定就可能有所改进。推迟做决定本身就是一个决定，这话不无道理。议会程序实际上就是一个拖延和审议的过程。同样的情况也出现在其他地方，包括创作伟大的画作、烹饪主菜、撰写著作、或兴建布伦海姆宫那样的建筑工程花了马布罗公爵的建筑师和劳工整整15年的时间。在此期间，设计可能不断成熟和完善。确实，仓促会葬送雅致。石中剑的作者TH怀特曾写道，时间“并不是要一小时，或一天就挥霍掉，而是应该细腻地、缓慢地、从容地享受。”换言之，尊敬的切斯特菲尔德伯爵，今天不必做的事，请一定拖延到明天再做吧！102Languagework1.Grammar1.predominantly,prevailing2.preferential3.inadvisable,shrinkage4.magnifying5.unapproachable,fictitious6.unbecoming/becoming7.unaccountable8.disorientation9.persuasion,entreaties10.irremediable1032.Vocabulary1.truism2.subliminal3.shrink4.academe5.natter6.apocalyptic7.anythingbut8.attestto9.ruminate10.fortified104(B)1.scientificterms2.dothehonours3.onspeakingterms4.inhonourof/tohonour5.onthebestofterms6.inhonourof7.ontheirhonour8.terms9.honour(v.)10.honours(n.)11.short-termmortgage12.inthemostflatteringterms13.honour(n.)14.ontheirhonour15.honour(n.)1052.1.l2.h3.k4.g5.b6.j7.c8.d9.f10.i11.e12.a3.A1.flagrant2.fragrance3.flagrant4.flagrant5.fragrantB.1.contemptible2.contemptuous3.contemptible,contemptuous4.contemptuous5.contempt,contemptuous,contemptibleC.1.legal2.legal3.lawful4.legal106Blankfilling1.not2.relation3.on4.occurs/happen5.off6.due7.assigned8.plenty9.than10.words11.more12.to13.deadline14.ahead15.closing16.summed17.as18.of19.seated/sitting20.fit107Proof-reading1.alsobe2.manymuch3.causelead4.thatwhere5.throughthroughout6.uponupon7.lessmore8.athleteathletes9.focuson10.greatgreater108