ATOX-1MycotoxinSeminar,11-04-03ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-2MYCOTOXINS-GENERALASPECTS- Very varied group of substances produced by a diverse number of fungal speciesIn general, these fungi are usually not pathogens to animals, but, by colonizing plant tissues, can produce mycotoxins which cause disorders in animals (mycotoxicoses). At the moment, more than 300 different mycotoxins produced by more than 350 species of fungi have been identified- Toxic secondary metabolites of toxinogenic fungiATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-3霉菌毒素霉菌毒素- 特性特性- 各种毒素来源于种类繁多的真菌各种毒素来源于种类繁多的真菌一般来说，这些真菌通常不会成为动物的病原体，而是寄一般来说，这些真菌通常不会成为动物的病原体，而是寄生在植物组织中产生霉菌毒素，这些毒素会引起动物机体生在植物组织中产生霉菌毒素，这些毒素会引起动物机体代谢失调（真菌中毒症状）代谢失调（真菌中毒症状）. 迄今为止，已经确认的迄今为止，已经确认的300多种毒素由多种毒素由350多种真菌产生。多种真菌产生。- 霉菌毒素为产毒真菌的次级代谢物霉菌毒素为产毒真菌的次级代谢物ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-4MAJORCLASSESOFMYCOTOXINSAflatoxins (discovered in the early 1960s): AspergillusTrichothecens: FusariumZearalenone: FusariumFumonisins: FusariumOchratoxin A: Aspergillus, PenicilliumPatulin:Penicillium Citrinin: PenicilliumErgot alkaloids (ergotism: known since the Middle Ages): ClavicepsATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-5霉菌毒素主要类型霉菌毒素主要类型黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素 (早在早在1960s就已被发现就已被发现): 曲霉菌曲霉菌单端孢霉毒素单端孢霉毒素 : 镰刀菌镰刀菌玉米赤霉烯酮玉米赤霉烯酮: 镰刀菌镰刀菌烟曲霉毒素烟曲霉毒素: 镰刀菌镰刀菌赭曲霉毒素赭曲霉毒素 A: 曲霉菌曲霉菌, 青霉菌青霉菌展青霉素展青霉素:青霉菌青霉菌 桔青霉素桔青霉素: 青霉菌青霉菌麦角生物碱麦角生物碱 (麦角中毒麦角中毒: 早在中世纪就已发现早在中世纪就已发现): 麦角菌属麦角菌属ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-6FIELDHARVESTDRYING and STORAGEMYCOTOXINFORMATIONMoistureTemperatureDamage from insects and birdsWater activityTemperatureSubstrate aerationInoculum concentrationsMechanical damageInsect infestationMicrobial interactionsAspergillusPenicillium(Fusarium)Fusarium(Aspergillus)ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-7田间田间收割收割干燥与储存干燥与储存霉菌毒素的形成霉菌毒素的形成水分温度害虫/鸟的破坏水活度温度通风种菌浓度机械破坏害虫的侵扰微生物间的互作曲霉菌青霉菌(镰刀菌)镰刀菌(曲霉菌)ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-8AFLATOXINSGroup of aprox. 20 mycotoxins (planar structure)Only aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are normally found in foodsProduced by Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. parasiticus andA. nominus)Occur in a wide range of important raw food commodities,including cereals, nuts, spices, figs and dried fruitFreely soluble in moderately polar solvents (e.g. chloroform,methanol), dissolve in water to extent of 0.02 g per litre Carcinogenic:aflatoxin B1: one of the most hepatocarinogensMany goverments carry out surveillance on regular basisATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-9黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素该族中大约有该族中大约有20种毒素种毒素 (平面结构平面结构)在食物中经常被发现的毒素仅有在食物中经常被发现的毒素仅有 B1, B2, G1 和和 G2由曲霉菌属产生由曲霉菌属产生 (黄曲霉黄曲霉, 寄生曲霉寄生曲霉 与与 A. nominus)在重要的商品化食物原料中时有发现，例如谷物，坚果，香料，无花果以及干果等在重要的商品化食物原料中时有发现，例如谷物，坚果，香料，无花果以及干果等在中等极性溶液中自由溶解，在中等极性溶液中自由溶解， (e.g. 氯仿氯仿,甲醇甲醇), 在水中的溶解度为在水中的溶解度为 0.02 g/L （疏水性）（疏水性）致癌致癌:黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素 B1: 是致癌物质之一，是致癌物质之一， 许多政府均定期对其进行监察许多政府均定期对其进行监察ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-10ZEARALENONEPhenolic resorcyclic acid lactone (planar structure)Produced by Fusarium species (F.culmorum, F. graminearumand F. crookwellense)Occur in cereals, and tend to develop particulary during cool,wet growin seasonsDissolve in water to extent of 0.02 g per litre (hydrophobic)Zearalenone is a naturally occuring estrogen: negative effect onreproductive system: hyperestrogenism, particulary in Swine: redeness and swelling of vulva, abortion and stillbirthsDairy cows: vaginitis, prolonged oestrus and infertilityCalves: earlier sexual maturityIn funal cultures closely related metabolites are formed: - and -zearalenols - ruminantsATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-11玉米赤霉烯酮玉米赤霉烯酮 2，4-二羟基苯甲酸内酯二羟基苯甲酸内酯 (平面结构平面结构) 由镰刀菌属产生由镰刀菌属产生 (山顶镰孢菌山顶镰孢菌, 禾谷镰刀菌和禾谷镰刀菌和 F. crookwellense)在谷物，尤其是湿冷环境下的谷物颗粒中发现在谷物，尤其是湿冷环境下的谷物颗粒中发现在水中溶解度为在水中溶解度为 0.02 g/L (疏水性疏水性)玉米赤霉烯酮是一种天然雌性激素，在繁殖体系中呈现阴性反应玉米赤霉烯酮是一种天然雌性激素，在繁殖体系中呈现阴性反应即高雌性素症即高雌性素症, 表现为：表现为： 猪猪: 外阴红肿，堕胎以及死胎外阴红肿，堕胎以及死胎奶牛奶牛: 阴道炎阴道炎,长期发情并不孕长期发情并不孕牛犊牛犊: 性成熟早性成熟早在真菌菌落中形成代谢产物：在真菌菌落中形成代谢产物： - 和和 -玉米赤霉烯醇玉米赤霉烯醇 -反刍动物反刍动物ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-12TRICHOTHECENES(DEOXYNIVALENOL)Group o aprox. 150 mycotoxinsgroup A: e.g. T2-toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxyscirpenol)group B: e.g. DON (deoxynivalenol), NIV (nivalenol)Produced by Fusarium and other gernera like e.g. Trichoderma,StachybotrysOnly a few have been shown to be agriculturally important, particulary DONDON (group B): highly hydroxylated and relatively polar,being soluble in water and e.g. methanol and ethanol Occur mainly in cereals grains as wheat, barley, maize, oats, rice, soya beans and derived products. Acute trichothecens toxicity is caracterized by gastrointestinal disturbance, such as vomiting (pigs), diarrhoea and inflammation, dermal irritation, feed refusal, immunosuppression and aneamia. Animal become listless and inactive.ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-13单端孢霉烯族毒素单端孢霉烯族毒素 （呕吐毒素）（呕吐毒素）该族中约有该族中约有150种毒素种毒素组组 A: e.g. T2毒素毒素, HT-2毒素毒素, DAS (蛇形菌素蛇形菌素l)组组 B: e.g. DON (呕吐毒素呕吐毒素), NIV (雪腐镰刀菌烯醇雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 )产自镰刀菌和其他属，例如，产自镰刀菌和其他属，例如，木霉属，葡萄状穗霉属木霉属，葡萄状穗霉属仅一小部分在农业中危害很大仅一小部分在农业中危害很大,比如比如呕吐毒素呕吐毒素呕吐毒素呕吐毒素 (B组组):高度羟基化和相对极性，溶于水，甲醇和乙醇高度羟基化和相对极性，溶于水，甲醇和乙醇 主要在谷物例如小麦，大麦，玉米主要在谷物例如小麦，大麦，玉米 ，燕麦，大米，豆粕及其副产品中产生，燕麦，大米，豆粕及其副产品中产生. 急性单端孢霉烯族毒性特征表现为肠胃不适，例如呕吐（猪），腹急性单端孢霉烯族毒性特征表现为肠胃不适，例如呕吐（猪），腹泻和炎症，皮肤发炎，拒食，免疫抑制和贫血症泻和炎症，皮肤发炎，拒食，免疫抑制和贫血症动物表现相当消极并不愿活动动物表现相当消极并不愿活动 ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-14MYCOTOXINS / 霉菌毒素霉菌毒素GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT/ 消化道消化道PORTAL SYSTEM / 门脉循环门脉循环LIVER / 肝肝BLOOD/ 血液血液KIDNEY/肾肾URINE/尿尿FEACES/粪粪BILE SALTS胆汁盐胆汁盐MUSCLES (MEAT)/肌肉肌肉MILK / 奶奶EGGS/蛋蛋MYCOTOXIN CARRY-OVER THROUGH THE FOOD CHAIN:霉菌毒素在食物链中的转移途径霉菌毒素在食物链中的转移途径:MYCOTOXINSRESIDUESINANIMALTISSUES动物机体组织中霉菌毒素的残留ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-15SENSIVITYOFDIFFERENTANIMALSPECIESTOMYCOTOXINSFUMONISIN B1伏马毒素伏马毒素 B1POULTRYRUMINANTSPORCINEDEOXYNIVALENOL (DON)/呕吐毒素呕吐毒素ZEARALENONE玉米赤霉烯酮玉米赤霉烯酮OCRATOXIN A赭曲霉毒素赭曲霉毒素AFLATOXIN B1黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素B1LOWSENSIVITYMEDIUMHIGHVERY HIGHppbppb-ppmppmATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-16MYCOTOXINCONTROLPREHARVESTHARVESTPOSTHARVEST controlinsectinfestationagronomicpractices:-culturerotationpathogen-resistantvarieties Temperature&moisturecontrolAntifungalagentsDECONTAMINATIONharvestcarefullyinodertoreducedamageofgrains/kernelsADSORBENTS based DECONTAMINATION STRATEGY:CLAY MINERALSand othersATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-17霉菌毒素的控制霉菌毒素的控制收割前收割前收割收割收割后收割后 控制害虫侵扰农业实践-菌种转接病原体-抗性品种温度与水分控制抗真菌剂净化为减少谷物/谷粒的破损，需要收割仔细吸附剂的基础即吸附剂的基础即 净化净化粘土类矿物质等粘土类矿物质等ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-18Sampling for Mycotoxin Analysis用于霉菌毒素分析的样品用于霉菌毒素分析的样品Contaminated Feed 受污染的饲料Big Sample/大样品Mixing/混合Sampling/取样1 kg1 tm1 kgATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-19DECONTAMINATIONBYTHEUSEOFADSORBENTSActivatedcharcoal:veryeffectivein vitroagainstmostmycotoxins,butnotsoin vivoproblems:interferenceandcolor Yeast/Yeastcellwalls: e.g.MycosorbTMclaimedtobeeffectiveagainstDONnoteffectiveinvivoagainstochratoxin effectivein vitroagainst zearalenone,butnotsoin vivonoteffectiveinvivoagainstochratoxinCholestyramine:CLAYS:(HSCAS,ClinoptiloliteBentonite)thewideststudiedgroupofadsorbent,mainlytestedagainstAflatoxinsveryheterogenousresultszearalenone:practicallynoin vivodataavailable.Efficacyin vitrogenerallyvariableConclusionsmustbetakenverycarefully,becausetheCLAY groupofadsorbentsisvery heterogenous!ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-20DECONTAMINATIONBYTHEUSEOFADSORBENTS霉菌吸附剂的净化作用？霉菌吸附剂的净化作用？活性炭:体外吸附霉菌毒素非常有效,但是体内效果不佳：干扰与颜色。酵母/酵母细胞壁:e.g.MycosorbTM对呕吐毒素非常有效，但是体内对赭曲霉毒素效果不佳 体外吸附玉米赤霉烯酮有效,但体内吸附赭曲霉毒素无效消胆胺:粘土类粘土类:(HSCAS,沸石斑脱土)广谱吸附剂，主要用于对黄曲霉毒素的检测玉米赤霉烯酮:体内无可行性数据报告.体外吸附效果差异较大结论必须慎重归纳：因为粘土类吸附剂本身有异构体结论必须慎重归纳：因为粘土类吸附剂本身有异构体ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-21CLAYS CLAY: CLAY: mineral mineral of of very finevery fine particle size. particle size. 粘土粘土粘土粘土: : 粒度粒度粒度粒度非常细的矿物质非常细的矿物质非常细的矿物质非常细的矿物质. . Soil fractionSoil fraction/ /粒径粒径粒径粒径 2 m75 %SEPIOLITE/海泡石 10 %CARBONATE/碳酸盐 25 mmCEC/阳离子交换 55PARTICLE SIZE/粒径规格粒径规格:50%125 1202.731.881.401.041.211.061.021.043.751.330.3 - 0.5ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-42ResearchWorks.Results.ComparativeStudies.各项研究工作ATOX:MYCOTOXINBINDER阿到克：霉菌毒素吸附剂阿到克：霉菌毒素吸附剂ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-43Aflatoxin黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-44Aflatoxin: in vitro assay黄曲霉毒素：体外分析黄曲霉毒素：体外分析 in vitro Eficacy/体外分析效果体外分析效果 Average SD (n)Research Commercial Center SmectiteATOXUni.Piazenza 7418 (5)86 6 (2) Evialis 75 25 (12) 85 7 (6) ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-45Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry)Evialis2002黄曲霉毒素：体内分析（家禽）黄曲霉毒素：体内分析（家禽）Samples:High Surface Phyllosilicate/高比表面页硅酸盐高比表面页硅酸盐 (HSF, n=4)Commercial aluminium smectites/商品化铝蒙脱石商品化铝蒙脱石 (n=9)Magnesium smectites/镁蒙脱石镁蒙脱石 (ATOX; n=5)Metodology/方法方法:Ducks fed with control & contaminated diets (90 ppb AFB1) 鸭子饲喂空白与受污染日粮（鸭子饲喂空白与受污染日粮（90ppbAFB1）Indicators: Concentration of cholesterol & albumin in blood (Magnin & Guyonvarch, 2002) 指示剂：血液中胆固醇与白蛋白浓度指示剂：血液中胆固醇与白蛋白浓度(Magnin & Guyonvarch, 2002)ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-460.020.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0 AFB1 Protection Index ATOXCommercialSmectite商品化蒙脱石商品化蒙脱石HSF高比表面页硅酸盐高比表面页硅酸盐ATOX-46Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry)Evialis2002ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-47Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (poultry)Metodology/方法方法:25 pollos (2 kg) /25只鸡（2kg）10 das + 10 das/10天+10天25 jaulas individuales/25只笼子Recoleccin total de excreta/共同收集排泄物Dieta en harina/粉料Sin medicacin/无药物Tratamientos/试验组 testigo/对照组 ( C ) n = 5 AFB1 100 ppb ( T ) n = 10 AFB1 100 ppb + ATOX 2% ( A ) n = 10l Ration/日粮 150 ppb AFB1/150ppb黄曲霉毒素B110.5 ppb AFB2/10.5ppb黄曲霉毒素B2Mximo legal 20 ppb Aflatoxina/黄曲霉毒素的最高限用量为20ppbATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-48%DeAFB1Absorbida黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附率%ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-491、24 HOLSTEINCOWS IN MIDLACTACION (29,7 KG OF MILK)/ 24在泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛（在泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛（29.7kg的牛奶）的牛奶）2、EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (4*4）试验设计（）试验设计（4*4）3、Mixed ration: compound feed, cereal mixture, hay, cottonseeds, maize silage 混合日粮：配合饲料，混合谷物，干草，棉籽，混合日粮：配合饲料，混合谷物，干草，棉籽，青贮青贮玉米玉米4、Compound contained with contaminated groundnut and cottonseed (9 g/kg feed) 日粮中包括受污染的花生与棉籽（日粮中包括受污染的花生与棉籽（ 9 g/kg 饲料）饲料）10333 Week12282 Week13304 Week12,515ATOX32,539CONTROLAverage1 WeekTreatmentsATOX reduced the AFM1 level in the milk 61,5% compared to the control与对照组相比，阿到克将牛奶中与对照组相比，阿到克将牛奶中AFM1减少减少61.5%Table: Content of Aflatoxin M1 in milk (ng/kg)表：牛奶中黄曲霉毒表：牛奶中黄曲霉毒素素M1的含量的含量12181819201917,520HSF-219,522HSF-1Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) Pietri et al., 2002 ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-50Table 1. Aflatoxin M1 in milk (pg/l) with and without mycotoxin adsorbentAflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) Piacenza.,2003ATOX was the best product in an indepenent in vivo assayorganizaded by an Italian divulgative center 意大利某中心：通过体内检测，阿到克是最理想的吸附剂产品意大利某中心：通过体内检测，阿到克是最理想的吸附剂产品Mycotoxin AdsorbentAFM1 in milk1week2week3week4weekFarm 1Control24232850ATOX (product2)14131428Product121252852Product524232451Farm 2Control31283737Product131343427Product333302836Product427253732ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-51Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4Field Study in Northern Italy/意大利北部的现场调查意大利北部的现场调查Situation: problems in a group of 8 farms with levels of AFM1 in milk surpassing UE legislation (0.05 ppb).情况：在8个农场中均发现AFM1超过UE法规（0.05ppb）Corn & concentrated with variable levels of AFB1 contamination in deferent farms (214-5, 30-1 ppb, respectively). AFB2, AFG1 & AFG2 were also detected.在不同的农场中均发现：玉米和浓缩料中含有不同水平的AFB1（分别是214-5,30-1ppb,），同时AFB2,AFG1和AFG2也有检测到。Trial duration:Oct - Nov 2003, Feb Mar 2004/ 试验时间：2003.10-11，2004.2-3ATOXlevel of inclusion: 1 %/ 阿到克添加量：1%Results: absence of AFM1 in milk since the use of ATOX结果显示：使用阿到克后，牛奶中AFM1毒素消失。ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-52FARM 1/农场农场 1242534163.837.771.513005010015020025030035040045050055060028-oct30-oct01-nov04-nov06-nov14-novSampling dates (2003)AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)T=0Atox 120 g/animal/dayAtox 60 g/animal/dayAflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-53FARM 2/农场农场2886136636146010203040506070809010028-oct30-oct01-nov04-nov05-nov10-novT=0Atox 120 g/animal/dayAtox 60 g/animal/dayAtox 150 g/anim/dayAFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Sampling dates (2003)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-54981021822213137353360010203040506070809010011029-sep30-sep01-oct03-oct05-oct06-oct07-oct08-oct09-oct13-oct120 gr60 grFARM 3/农场农场3 AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Sampling dates (2003)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-5553.618.819.524.636.930.963.369.71153.650.839.46152.855.760.466.7110102030405060708021-oct23-oct24-oct27-oct28-oct29-oct03-nov05-nov11-novAtoxMycosorbNoAtoxYeast 50 g/animal/ggYeast 30 g/animal/ggAtox 120 g/animal/ggAtox 60 g/animal/ggAtox 120 g/animal/ggFARM 4: comparing ATOX & Yeast 农场农场4：阿到克与酵母比较：阿到克与酵母比较 AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Sampling dates (2003)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-56FARM 5/农场农场52242502133390102030405060No seqAtox 120gAtox 60gYeast 30gAFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)21-oct23-oct24-oct27-oct28-oct29-oct03-nov05-nov11-novSampling dates (2003)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-57FARM 6/农场农场 62367626073530501001502002503003feb6feb9feb12feb16febNo No seq.Atox 120 gAtox 60 g4 Kg corn2 Kg cornSampling dates (2003)AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-58FARM 7/农场农场764.311298010203040506070No seq.Atox 120 gAtox 60 gNo seq.AFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Sampling dates (2003)3feb6feb9feb12feb16febAflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-59FARM 8/农场农场843236501020304050607008/03/200413/03/200418/03/2004ATOX: 120 gAFM1 in milk in HPLC (ppt)Sampling dates (2003)Aflatoxin: in vivo assay (dairy cow) AGRIOK.,2003-4ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-68Francia & Costa de Marfil法国与象牙海岸法国与象牙海岸ITALY/意大利意大利IN VITRO体外IN VIVO体内 90%80% in broilers肉鸡业肉鸡业 90%60% in dairy cows奶牛奶牛(EVIALIS, 2.002)(AGRIOK, 2003)(UNI. Piacenza, 2.002)ATOX: Eficacy of Adsorbing AFLATOXINS 黄曲霉毒素的吸附效率黄曲霉毒素的吸附效率ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-69Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-70MS2MS1ASMix1Mix2Mix3Mix4Sepiolite1Sepiolite2ATOXMix5M13CholestyramineCC1CC2CC3CC4CC5CC6ASZearalenone. In vitro assays FAL 2001玉米赤霉烯酮：体外分析玉米赤霉烯酮：体外分析FAL 2001ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-72Simulations of the stomach and thick intestine/对胃和小肠的模拟:Peristaltic movements/蠕动Gastric and intestinal secretions/ 胃肠分泌物Digesta transit time/食糜转运时间Elimination of digested compounds/消化物的消除35 g. de feed (100 ppb ZON)35 g de feed (100 ppb AFB1)ATOX level: 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% 阿到克添加水平： 0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1%TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM)ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-730204060801000%0.2%0.5%1%micotoxinas(%delcontrol)ZEAAflB1Zearalenone&Aflatoxin.ResultsinTIM TNO,2002ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-74Field Study/现场研究现场研究Situation:reproductive problems in sows 试验：母猪繁殖问题Soya and feed with variable ZON levels of contamination (75-153, 50-136 ppm, respectively)豆粕与饲料中含有不同水平的玉米赤霉烯酮（分别为75-153,50-136ppm）Trial start:February 2003/试验开始于2003年2月ATOXinclusion level/阿到克添加量:1%Results: absence of reproductive problems since the use of ATOX 结果：自从使用阿到克后，繁殖问题解决Zearalenone:in vivo assays (sows)Mlaga,2003ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-75Field Studies Cooperativa Os. IrmandiosSituation:reproductive problems in dairy cows/试验：奶牛的繁殖问题试验：奶牛的繁殖问题l Feedingstuffs (corn and herb silage) highly contaminated with ZON: 0.25 ppm - 0.85 ppm/饲料原料（玉米和青贮草料）中含有玉米赤霉烯酮：0.25ppm-0.85ppm Trial start: April 2003/试验开始于2003年4月Design: 5 farms with a total of 280 dairy cows/试验设计：试验设计：5个农场约个农场约280头奶牛头奶牛 ATOX level of Inclusion /阿到克添加量阿到克添加量:1%: 1month(startingdose)/1个月（起始剂量）0.5%: 2months(treatmentdose)/2个月（治疗剂量）0.2-0.3%: maintenancedose/维持剂量Zearalenone:in vivo assays (cows)Lugo,2003ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-76Tolerance耐受性ATOX:MYCOTOXINBINDER阿到克：霉菌吸附剂阿到克：霉菌吸附剂ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-77ATOXToleranceStudy(IRTA2002)阿到克的耐受性研究阿到克的耐受性研究EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN试验设计试验设计24 jails x 40 animals (960 male broilers) 24笼笼*40只鸡（共计只鸡（共计960只雄性肉鸡）只雄性肉鸡）0-21-42 days /天天3050-3150 Kcal/kg ME; 21,5-20.0% PBDiet: Wheat-Barley-Soya (not contaminated) 日粮：小麦日粮：小麦-大麦大麦-豆粕（未污染）豆粕（未污染）ATOX doses: 0%, 0,1%, 0,5%, 3% 阿到克的添加剂量：阿到克的添加剂量：0%，0.1%，0.5%，3%6 replicates/6个重复个重复ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-78RESULTS (0-42 days)ATOX0%0,1%0,5%3,0%GMD61606061CONS.989997100IC1.621.641.631.65No significant change in haematological parameters, in digestive tract & liver weights or macroscopic observations in the necropsies were detected. 通过检验动物尸体发现：血液学参数无显著差异；消化系统和肝脏重量无显著差异；表观观测无显著变化Reduction of humid faeces (0-21 days) 0-21d水粪减少ATOXToleranceStudy(IRTA2002)ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-79PracticalRecommendations实践推荐ATOX:MYCOTOXINBINDER阿到克：霉菌毒素吸附剂阿到克：霉菌毒素吸附剂ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英ATOX-80PracticalRecommendations/实践推荐实践推荐FEEDSTUFF AND RAW MATERIALS饲料与原料饲料与原料TO ADSORB AFLATOXIN B1 WITH AN EFFICIENCY OF 95%黄曲霉毒素黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附率为的吸附率为95%TO ADSORB ZEARALENONE WITH AN EFFICIENCY OF 80%玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附率为玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附率为80%DOSE/ 剂量剂量FEED饲料饲料RAW MATERIAL原料原料UP TO 5 KG PER TM FEED添加剂量上线为添加剂量上线为5kg/tDOSE CAN BE INCREASED DEPENDING ON CONTAMINATION LEVEL根据污染水平调整添加量根据污染水平调整添加量BAG OF 20KG20kg/包包Use best before保质期保质期3 YEARS UNDER NORMAL STORAGE CONDITIONS在正常存贮条件下保存在正常存贮条件下保存3年年PRESENTATION包装规格包装规格ATOXGeneralanglsfromMonica-中英