从句clause 11.1.名词性从句（名词性从句（substantive clauses):substantive clauses):主语从句主语从句subject clausesubject clause、宾语从句、宾语从句object clauseobject clause、表语从句、表语从句predicative clausepredicative clause、同位语从句、同位语从句appositive clause.appositive clause.2.2.定语从句（定语从句（attributive clause):attributive clause):形形容词性从句容词性从句3.3.状语从句（状语从句（adverbial clause):adverbial clause):副词副词性从句（时间、地点、条件、结果、性从句（时间、地点、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步，方式等等）目的、原因、让步，方式等等）2For example: For example: 1.1.I have reached a point in my life where I am I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decision of my own.supposed to make decision of my own.2.2.I found the wallet where you left it.I found the wallet where you left it.3.3.She sang as she walked home all the way.She sang as she walked home all the way.4.4.Many people , as you know, are learing foreign Many people , as you know, are learing foreign languages.languages.5.5.Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.stood still in the earthquake.6.6.The news that our team has won the games was true.The news that our team has won the games was true.7.7.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.8.8.He will talk to us about what he saw in the He will talk to us about what he saw in the school.school.9.9.He looks as if he was going to cry.He looks as if he was going to cry.For example: For example: 1.1.I have reached a point in my life where I am I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decision of my own.supposed to make decision of my own.2.2.I found the wallet where you left it.I found the wallet where you left it.3.3.She sang as she walked home all the way.She sang as she walked home all the way.4.4.Many people , as you know, are learing foreign Many people , as you know, are learing foreign languages.languages.5.5.Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.stood still in the earthquake.6.6.The news that our team has won the games was true.The news that our team has won the games was true.7.7.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.It was obvious that youve made a big mistake.8.8.He will talk to us about what he saw in the He will talk to us about what he saw in the school.school.9.9.He looks as if he was going to cry.He looks as if he was going to cry.3引导词引导词particleparticle1.1.引导引导名词性从句名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：的连接词可分为三类：连接词：连接词：that, whether, if (that, whether, if (不充当从句的不充当从句的任何成分）任何成分）连接代词：连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which whom, whose, which 连接副词：连接副词：when,where,how,whywhen,where,how,why42.2.引导引导定语从句定语从句的连接词的连接词关系代词：关系代词：that, which,who, whom,whose, that, which,who, whom,whose, asas等等关系副词：关系副词：where, when, why where, when, why 等等3.3.引导引导状语从句状语从句的连接词：的连接词：) )时间状语从句：时间状语从句：when, as, while, as soon when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since.as, before, after, since.) )地点状语从句常用引导词：地点状语从句常用引导词：where, where, whereverwherever5) )原因状语从句：原因状语从句：because= in that , as because= in that , as ) )目的状语从句：目的状语从句：so that, in order thatso that, in order that) )结果状语从句：结果状语从句：so.that, such.thatso.that, such.that) )条件状语从句：条件状语从句：ifif，unlessunless）让步状语从句：）让步状语从句：though, although, even though, although, even if, even though if, even though 6定语从句中定语从句中的关系代词的关系代词主语主语宾语宾语定语定语指人指人whothatwhomthatwhose（of whom）指物指物WhichthatWhichthatWhose(of which)指人和物指人和物thatthatwhose7引导定语从句的关系副词引导定语从句的关系副词关系副词关系副词When=on(in,during)whichwhere=on(in,in front of)whichWhy=for which8如何选用定语从句的关系词如何选用定语从句的关系词1.首先分清主句和定语从句首先分清主句和定语从句2.确定定语从句的先行词确定定语从句的先行词3.把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其把先行词带回到定语从句中去，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，宾语，定语或状语）宾语，定语或状语）4.若先行词在从句中做若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语或定主语、宾语或定语语则选择则选择关系代词关系代词，若在从句中做，若在从句中做状状语语，则选择，则选择关系副词关系副词。91. who, whom, whose, that 用法区别用法区别. who 作定语从句的作定语从句的主语主语或或宾语宾语. The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker. whom 作定语从句的作定语从句的宾语宾语 The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher. that 可以作定语从句的可以作定语从句的主语主语和和宾语（可省略）宾语（可省略）. The man who / that is speaking at the meeting is a worker. The woman (whom / that) they wanted to visit is a teacher.10 whose 作定语从句的作定语从句的定语定语. I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.2. which, that 的的用法用法which 作定语从句的作定语从句的主语或宾语（可省主语或宾语（可省略）略）This is a truck which / that is made in China.I like the book (which / that) you bought yesterday.113. 只能用只能用that的情况的情况 Tom is the cleverest boy that I have ever known. This is the first play that I have seen since I came here. 序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时Ive read all the books that you lend me.先行词被先行词被every, some, no, all, any, little, much等修饰时。等修饰时。12 Everything that we saw in this film was true. everything, something, nothing, all, anything, little, much等不定代词作先行词时等不定代词作先行词时This is the very book that belongs to him. 先行词被先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。修饰时。Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.whoistheworkerthattooksomephotosofthefactory.主句已有who和which时只能用that13 主句已有主句已有who或或which时时Ive never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now. 当先行词同时指当先行词同时指人人和和物物时时4.关系代词前有介词时关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前介词提前) .指人只用指人只用whom, 指指物只用物只用whichThis is the boy with whom he talked. This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.14以以when作为例子作为例子1.1.名词性从句名词性从句It remains unknown when they are going It remains unknown when they are going to get married.to get married.( (主语从句常用主语从句常用itit做形式主语，而将主语从句做形式主语，而将主语从句置于句末）置于句末）The problem is when we will start.The problem is when we will start.Its up to you decide when we will Its up to you decide when we will start.start.I have no idea when he will back.I have no idea when he will back.152.2.状语从句状语从句James pretended to be deaf when I spoke James pretended to be deaf when I spoke to him.to him.I was about to leave my office when the I was about to leave my office when the telephone rang.telephone rang.When the wind blows, all the doors When the wind blows, all the doors rattle.rattle.Come when you are ready.Come when you are ready.She stopped trying, when she might She stopped trying, when she might succeed next time.succeed next time.163.3.定语从句定语从句whenwhen引导定语从句表示时间，在定语从引导定语从句表示时间，在定语从句中做状语，它的先行词是表示时间句中做状语，它的先行词是表示时间的名词如的名词如the day, the days,the the day, the days,the time, the yeartime, the year等等1980 was the year when he was born.1980 was the year when he was born.Ill never forget the days when I Ill never forget the days when I worked with you.worked with you.17练习：练习：1. The English play _ my students acted at the 1. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.New Years party was a great success.A. for whichA. for whichB. at whichB. at whichC. in whichC. in whichD. on D. on whichwhich2. Roses need special care _ they can live 2. Roses need special care _ they can live through winter.through winter.A. becauseA. because B. so that B. so thatC. even ifC. even ifD. asD. as3.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes 3.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every yearevery year， 80% _are sold abroad. 80% _are sold abroad.A. of whichA. of which B. which of B. which ofC. of themC. of them D. of D. of thatthat184. A computer can only do _ you 4. A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do.have instructed it to do.A. howA. how B. after B. after C. what C. what D. wheD. when n5._this company has done seems to 5._this company has done seems to be in agreement with what the be in agreement with what the government has called for.government has called for.A. ThatA. ThatB. HowB. How C. Whether C. WhetherD. WhatD. What196.Fortunately we had a map6.Fortunately we had a map， without without _we would have got lost._we would have got lost.A. whichA. which B. it B. itC. thatC. thatD. D. whatwhat7. The Great Wall is the last place 7. The Great Wall is the last place _Mr. smith is going to visit _Mr. smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing.before he leaves Beijing.A. whereA. whereB. whichB. whichC. /C. / D. whatD. what208.I shall never forget those years 8.I shall never forget those years _I lived in the country with the _I lived in the country with the farmersfarmers， _ has a great effect on _ has a great effect on my life.my life.A. thatA. that； which whichB. whenB. when； which whichC. C. whichwhich； that thatD. whenD. when； who who9. I dont like the way _ you 9. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.speak to her.A. /A. /B. in thatB. in thatC. whichC. whichD. D. of whichof which2110. She spent the whole evening talking 10. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and the persons about the things and the persons _ none of us has ever heard of._ none of us has ever heard of.A. whichA. which B. who B. whoC. whomC. whom D. thatD. that11. I have bought such a watch _ 11. I have bought such a watch _ was advertised on TV.was advertised on TV.A. thatA. that B. which B. which C. as C. asD. itD. it22