1William ShakespeareThe Worlds Most Influential Writer2021/7/241Outlines1. Introduction to Shakespeare2. Understanding of Sonnet 183. Introduction to Sonnet2021/7/2422021/7/243BenJonsondedicatedapoeminpraiseoftheauthor:“SouloftheAge!Theapplause!Delight!thewonderofourstage!Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one toshowTo whom all scenes of Europe homageowe.Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime!”2021/7/2441.lifeMuch of Shakespeares life is shrouded in mystery due to the lack of record keeping at that time in EnglandBorn April 23, 1564Died April 23, 1616Stratford-upon-Avon, warwickshire,northwestofLondon2021/7/2451.lifeSomedocumentsthatwehavearebaptismalregistration,marriagelicense,andrecordsofrealestatetransactions.2021/7/2467GreatBritain,includingEngland,Shakespeareshome2021/7/2478England2021/7/2489Stratford-Upon-Avon,whereShakespearewasbornandgrewupLondon,whereShakespearesreputationwasborn(andwheretheGlobewaslocated)2021/7/2492021/7/24102.familyMiddle-Class parentsShakespeare was 3rd of 8 children at 14, family in debtat 18 married Anne Hathaway, 8 years older1586 left for London; theater: support the growing family2021/7/241112Anne Hathaways Home-his wifes homeAnne Hathaways Home-his wifes home2021/7/24123.Career37plays;2narrativepeomsand154sonnetsFirst Period 1590-1600: history+comedy Second Period 1601-1608 :tragdy Third Period 1609-1612:tragi-comdy37 plays； divided into comedies, histories, and tragedies 2021/7/241314Scholars have placed his plays into one of four periods:First Period 1590-1594Second Period 1595-1600Third Period 1601-1608Fourth Period 1609-16132021/7/2414The First PeriodThe First Period(1590-1594):(1590-1594): ThefirstperiodofShakespearesdramaticcompositionwastheperiodofhisapprenticeshipinplaywriting,duringwhich he, as a newcomer to London,made experiments in a number ofdramatic forms. He wrote the historicalplays: Henry VI, Part I, II, and III,Richard III; the revenge tragedy: Titus Andronicus(泰 托 斯 安 东 尼 );theromantictragedy:Romeo and Juliet(罗密欧与朱丽叶);and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors(错误的喜剧)The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维洛那二绅士)The Taming of the Shrew(驯悍记),andLoves Labours Lost(爱的徒劳).Romeo and JulietLoves Labours Lost2021/7/2415The Second Period(1595-1600):ThesecondperiodofShakespearesworkwashis mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays.Inthisperiod, Shakespeares style and approachbecamehighlyindividualized.Byconstructingacomplex pattern between different charactersandbetweenappearanceandreality,Shakespearemadesubtlecommentsonavarietyofhumanfoibles.Inthisperiod,hewrotefivehistoricalplays:Richard II,King John,Henry IV,PartsIandII,andHenry V;sixcomedies:A Midsummer Nights Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice（威威尼尼斯斯商商人人）, Much Ado About Nothing（无事生非）,As You Like It（皆大欢喜）,Twelfth Night（第十二夜）,andThe Merry Wives of Windsor（温莎的风流娘 儿 们 ） ; and a Roman tragedy: Julius Caesar（裘利斯恺撒）.A Midsummer Nights Dream2021/7/2416The Third PeriodThe Third Period(1601-1607):(1601-1607): ThethirdperiodofShakespearesdramaticcareerismainlytheperiodof“great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. In this period, the tragic note isaggravated. The sunshine and laughter of thesecondperiodhasturnedintocloudsandstorms.ThecauseofsuchachangeshouldbesoughtfromShakespeares change of moods as influencedbythesocialupheavalsattheturnofthecentury. Itincludes five tragedies: Hamlet(哈 姆 莱 特 ),Othello（奥塞罗）, King Lear（李尔王）,Macbeth（麦克白）,Timon of Athens（雅典的泰蒙）;threecomedies:Troilus and Cressida（特洛伊勒斯与克利西达）,Alls Well That Ends Well（终成眷属）,Measure for Measure（一报还一报）; and two Roman tragedies: Antony and Cleopatra（ 安 东 尼 与 克 利 奥 佩 特 拉 ） ,Coriolanus（科里奥拉那斯）.Othello2021/7/2417The Fourth Period(1608-1612):The last period of Shakespeares work includes hisprincipalromantictragicomedies:Pericles(伯里克利),Cymbeline（辛白林）,The Winters Tale（冬天的故事）andThe Tempest（暴风雨）;andhistwofinalplays:Henry VIIIandThe Two Noble Kinsmen（两位贵族亲戚）.Withthisperiodweturnfromthestorm,thegloom,andthewhirlwindofthethirdperiodto“agreatpeacefulnessoflight”,andaharmonyofearthandheaven.2021/7/2418Shakespeares PlaysALoversComplaint情女怨AMidsummerNightsDream仲夏夜之梦Cymbeline辛伯林KingJohn约翰王KingRichardII理查二世KingRichardIII理查三世Pericles,PrinceofTyre泰尔亲王配力克里斯TheLifeofTimonofAthens雅典人泰门TheTempest暴风雨LovesLaboursLost爱的徒劳MeasureforMeasure自作自受TheComedyofErrors错见错觉KingHenrytheFifth亨利五世2021/7/2419TwelfthNight第十二夜TheWintersTale冬天的故事TheTwoGentlemenofVerona维洛那二绅士TitusAndronicus泰特斯安德洛尼克斯RomeoandJuliet罗密欧与朱丽叶JuliusCaesar裘力斯凯撒Coriolanus科利奥兰纳斯TheTempest暴风雨TheTamingoftheShrew驯悍记TheRapeofLucrece鲁克丽丝受辱记TheMerryWivesofWindsor温莎的风流娘儿们TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人TheHistoryofTroilusandCressida特洛勒罗斯与克瑞西达KingHenrytheEighth亨利八世2021/7/2420RecommendationTalesfromShakespeareCharlesLamb2021/7/24214.DeathShakespearediedApril23,1616(52yearslateronhisbirthday)HeisburiedundertheoldstonefloorofHolyTrinityChurchinStratford.Thefollowingiscarvedonhistombstone.“Goodfriend,forJesussakeforbearTodigthedustenclosedhere.BlessedbethemanthatsparesthesestonesAndcursedbehethatmovesmybones”2021/7/2422Whichcanbetranslatedto;GoodfriendforJesussakeforbearTodigthedustenclosedhere!Blestbethemanthatsparesthesestones,Andcurstbehethatmovesmybones.朋友，看在上帝的情分上，千万别掘此墓，动土者将受灾，保护者会得福墓志铭一词英语中用GravestoneEpitaph表示2021/7/242324Trinity Church, burial site of ShakespeareTrinity Church, burial site of Shakespeare2021/7/24242021/7/2425sonnet181).Introductiontosonnet182).Indepthstudy3).Translation4).Theme2021/7/24261)introductiontoShakespearesSonnets154 sonnets: 1-126addressedtoayoungman,belovedofthepoet,ofsuperiorbeautyandrankbutofsomewhatquestionablemoralsandconstancy127-152toamysterious“DarkLady”,whoissensual,promiscuous,andirresistible153-154translationoradaptationsofsomeGreekepigram警句2021/7/2427Writedownthesimplest,mostunderstandablewordorphrasefromeachline.2021/7/2428ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,Norshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed,Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,Norshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.2021/7/2429Whatisitabout?nowyouhavereadthepoemforthefirsttime.whatdoyouthinkitisabout?2021/7/2430In-depthstudyofsonnet2021/7/2431Comprehensionnotes:(0)Therhymeisabab cdcd efef gg.Thesonnetcanbedividedintotwogroups;thefirsteightlinesagroup,thenextsixanother.(1) “a summers day”: in the rainy and foggyEngland,summerisamildandfloweringseason.“ThedarlingbudsofMay”inthethirdlinefurtherprovesthis.(2)temperate: moderate, tempered word play onweather that is temperate=not too hot; and oncharacterthatistemperate=gentle,notswayedbypassion.2021/7/2432Comprehensionnotes:(3)rough:notcalmnorgentle;violent(3)shake=shakeoff(4)“lease”:timespan(6)his:itsgoldcomplexion=golden-coloredfacedim:itbecomeslessbright变暗The golden-colored face would be dimmed bycoulds and overcast(cloudy & gloomy) daysgenerally.2021/7/2433Comprehensionnotes:(7)Everythingofbeautywillatsomepointdiminishinbeauty.=thebeautyofeverythingbeautifulthingdecayssoonerorlater.“everyfair”:everythinglovelyEitheradaythatturnsintopoorweather,ortheshiftfromsummerintoautumn.2021/7/2434Comprehensionnotes:(8)chance=accident,badlucknatureschangingcourse:naturaldecayuntrimmed=changedinappearance(literally,strippedofornament)(11) shade: in classical mythology, is theghostofadeadperson.2021/7/2435Comprehensionnotes:(12)eternallines=immortalversetotimethougrowst:you become grafted to time and thus willlastaslongastimelasts.(14)life=immortality2021/7/2436ShakespeareSonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?我應否把你和夏日比美?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:你比夏日更其美好溫和；2021/7/2437Sonnet 18RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay, 強風誠有吹撼五月可愛的花蕾，Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate: 夏之為期全太短暫匆匆忽過；2021/7/2438Sonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines, 天上日照有時又何炎熾，Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd; 太陽的黃金臉色也復常被陰翳掩沒；2021/7/2439Sonnet18 Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines, 美麗的事物終有一天會失去著它們的美麗 Bychance,ornatureschangingcourseuntrimmed:只因它們遭遇不測或者自然之變的剝奪 2021/7/2440Sonnet18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade, 但是你的常住之夏將要永不消褪，Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst,那為你所有之美也將永無改觀； 2021/7/2441Sonnet18Norshalldeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade, 死神便休再誇口你正在他的陰影中盤桓，Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest: 當你已在不朽的詩篇中和時間合一; 2021/7/2442Sonnet18Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee, 斯世尚有人視息，Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee. 我詩長存,予君生命至無極。2021/7/2443Sonnet18Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough windsRough winds do shake the darling buds of May, do shake the darling buds of May,And And summers summers lease hath all too short a datelease hath all too short a date: :Sometime Sometime too hottoo hot the eye of heaven shines, the eye of heaven shines,And often is And often is his gold complexion dimmedhis gold complexion dimmed, ,And And every fair from fair sometime declinesevery fair from fair sometime declines, ,By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed:By chance, or natures changing course untrimmed:ButBut thy thy eternaleternal summer summer shall not fade,shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owstNor lose possession of that fair thou owst, ,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in When in eternaleternal lines to time thou lines to time thou growstgrowst, ,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this So long lives this, and this gives life to theegives life to thee. . The octave （十四行诗的前八行）describes the ways in which the summers day is inferior to the beloved.The sestet describes the ways in which the beloved is superior to the summers day.2021/7/242021/7/244444 我怎么能将你比作是夏天？ 你不但比它可爱也比它柔婉： 狂风将五月宠爱的嫩蕊糟蹋， 夏天出赁的租期又未免太短： 有时天上的眼睛照得太暴烈， 它那灿烂的金颜又常受掩蔽： 让机缘或不定的天道所摧折， 没有芳菲不终于凋谢或销毁。 可是你的永夏永远不会凋落， 也不会损失你这纯红的芬芳， 或死神夸口你在他影中徘徊， 当你在永存的诗里与天同长。 只要终究有人类或人有眼睛， 这诗将永存,并且赐予你生命。（朱生豪译） 2021/7/2445Whatrhetoricaldevicesareusedbythepoet?1.inversion倒装2.metaphor暗喻3.personfication拟人4.hyperbole夸张5.contrast对比、反衬2021/7/2446styleThelanguageisalmosttoosimplewhencomparingittotherestofshakespearessonnet;itisnotheavywithalliterationorverse,andnearlyeverylineisitsownself-containedclause.Butitisthisthatmakessonnet18standsoutfortherestinthebook.Itallowsthereaderstofullyunderstandhowgreathislovertrulyis.2021/7/2447ThethemeofthepoemInprasisingtheloversbeauty,thespeakerpointsoutthetransienceofbeautyinnature;incontrast,theimmortalizingpowerofpoetryisclear.2021/7/2448Whatisasonnet?Asonnetisafourteen-linepoeminiambicpentameter.Iambicwhat?Ohdear,thisisgoingtobeaweirdlesson!2021/7/2449Asonnetisuua lyric poemuuconsisting of fourteen linesuuwritten in iambic pentameteruuwith a definite rime schemeuuand a definite thought structure2021/7/242021/7/245050TheSonnetApoemwith14linesThe“Shakespearean”varietyusesthefollowingrhymepattern:AcoatBbillAgoatBdillCfrankDteamCrankDseemEhatFfishEcatFdishGbookGhookCOUPLET: The lines that sum it all up.2021/7/2451ANDItsusuallyallaboutLOVE2021/7/2452Sonnet18Shall I compare thee to a summers dShall I compare thee to a summers dayay? ?Thou art more lovely and more temperThou art more lovely and more temperateate: :Rough winds do shake the darling buds of MRough winds do shake the darling buds of Mayay, , And summers lease hath all too short a dAnd summers lease hath all too short a dateate: :Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shSometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesines, , And often is his gold complexion dAnd often is his gold complexion dimmedimmed, ,And every fair from fair sometime declAnd every fair from fair sometime declinesines, ,By chance, or natures changing course untrBy chance, or natures changing course untrimmedimmed: :But thy eternal summer shall not fBut thy eternal summer shall not fadeade, , Nor lose possession of that fair thou Nor lose possession of that fair thou owstowst, ,Nor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shNor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shadeade, , When in eternal lines to time thou grWhen in eternal lines to time thou growstowst, ,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can sSo long as men can breathe, or eyes can seeee, , So long lives this, and this gives life to thSo long lives this, and this gives life to theeee. .ABABCdCDEFEFGGrhymescheme2021/7/242021/7/245353IambicPentameteriamb:A“soft”beatfollowedbya“loud”beat:daDAdaDAdaDAdaDAOne“daDA”=one“foot”pentameterpenta=5meter=howmanyiambs(aka“feet”)perlineiambicpentameter=5iambsineachline(softLOUDsoftLOUDsoftLOUDsoftLOUDsoftLOUD):myMIstressEYESareNOthingLIKEtheSUNmyMIstressEYESareNOthingLIKEtheSUN2021/7/2454An iamb is a metrical foot consisting ofan unaccented syllable Ufollowed by an accented syllable /. U /a gain U / U / im mor tal ize2021/7/242021/7/245555Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion2021/7/2456Iambicpentameter U / U / U / U / U /U / U / U / U / U /uuOne day I wrote her name u pon the strand,One day I wrote her name u pon the strand, U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U /uuBut came the waves and wash ed it a way:But came the waves and wash ed it a way: U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U /uuA gain I wrote it with a sec ond hand,A gain I wrote it with a sec ond hand, U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U / U /uuBut came the tide, and made my pains his preyBut came the tide, and made my pains his preyuuEdmund Spenser, Amoretti, Sonnet 75 Edmund Spenser, Amoretti, Sonnet 75 1 2 3 4 52021/7/242021/7/245757Shakespeare Sonnet 18Shakespeare Sonnet 18Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date.And summers lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed.And often is his gold complexion dimmed.And every fair from fair sometime declines,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmed.By chance or natures changing course untrimmed.But thy eternal summer shall not fade,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest,Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shadeNor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shadeWhen in eternal lines time thou growst.When in eternal lines time thou growst.So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.ABABCDCDEFEFGGiambic pentameterShakespeareanconceiteternizing conceit(hyperbole)volta （a break indicating a change of mood）*theme immortality of fair youth through verseDispraise = opposition to achieve praise2021/7/242021/7/2458586)Theme : Themessageisthatinthisworldnobeauty(inNature)canstayexceptpoetryorart;andyourbeautycanonlylastifIwriteitdowninmypoetry.Alsonoticetheloveplay.Apparentlythepoetisaddressingamanofhisheart,thewooingsoundsmorelikeagameplaythananythingrealandsincere.Thelovehereistooconditionaltobegenuine.Sonnet 18 of Shakespeare2021/7/2459discussion？Sonnet18hasbeenvariouslydescribedassincereandemotionallytruthful,andasboastfulandover-exaggerated.Whichdescriptioncomesclosertoyourownviewofthesonnet?morethan150words2021/7/2460Now,writeyourownsonnet!Remember:14LinesRhymescheme:ABABCDCDEFEFGGItsaboutLOVE!Forgetaboutthewholeiambicpentameterthingthatsfortheprofessionals(andpeoplewhomaybewantalittleextracredit).2021/7/2461previewquestion?1.WhatarethemaincharactersinactfourinMerchantofVenice2.Afterreadingit,whatarethecharacteristicsorpersonalitiesofeachcharacter?3.Whataretheconflictspresentedinactfour?2021/7/2462