大家好！ 脊 柱Vertebral column基础医学院人体解剖教研室基础医学院人体解剖教研室 The vertebral column脊柱脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 一、一、Vertebrae 椎骨椎骨vThere are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:vCervical vertebrae 颈椎颈椎 C.7vThoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 T.12vLumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 L.5vSacral vertebrae 骶椎骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨vCoccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨General features of vertebraevVertebral body 椎体椎体vVertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹椎上、下切迹 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板vprocess (7): spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 横突横突sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下关节突上、下关节突vVertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 vVertebral canal 椎管椎管vIntervertebral foramen 椎间孔椎间孔Regional variations of vertebraeCervical vertebraevVertebrae Body: small vVertebral foramen: larger and triangularvSpinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7vTransverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔横突孔vArticular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeaevAtlas寰椎寰椎 (C1) Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟椎动脉沟vAxis枢椎枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlasvCarotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6vVertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processesThoracic vertebrae vVertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹vVertebral foramen： smaller, rounder vSpinous processes： long, point obliquely downward vTransverse processes： transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹横突肋凹 vArticular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae vVertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape vVertebral foramen: larger and triangular vSpinous processes: projects horizontally vTransverse processes: long vArticular processes: sagittal Sacrum vAnterior surface: promontory岬岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs) vPosterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管骶管裂孔裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角骶角vLateral part: auricular surface耳状面耳状面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆二、二、Articulations of Vertebrae 椎骨的连结椎骨的连结Joints of the vertebral bodiesJoints of the vertebral arches1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连椎体间的连结结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:vNucleus pulpous髓核髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )vAnnulus fibrosus纤维环纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilageAnterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带vStrong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 vMaintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnPosterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带后纵韧带vAttached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrumvPrevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discsHernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脱出髓核脱出 2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结vLigamenta flava 黄韧带黄韧带 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnvInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带棘间韧带vSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带棘上韧带vLigamentum nuchae项韧带项韧带 vIntertansverse ligament横突间横突间韧带韧带 vZygapophysial joint 关节突关节关节突关节三、三、Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节vBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesvSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasvAction nodding of head, lateral tilting of head四、四、Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节vThree synovial joints between atlas and axisLaterally, paired joints between articulating facesMedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlasSupported by ligaments apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带齿突尖韧带alar ligament 翼状韧带翼状韧带transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆覆膜膜Action allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column五、五、Normal Curves of vertebral columnvCervical curvature颈曲颈曲 convex forwardvThoracic curvature胸曲胸曲 convex backward vLumbar curvature腰曲腰曲 convex forwardvSacral curvature骶曲骶曲 convex backward六、六、Movement of the vertebral column flexion extension lateral flexion rotation circumductionSpina bifida cystica 脊脊 柱柱 裂裂