Module5Unit2The environment（2）如何写好名词性从句掌握了写好简单句的基础学习，要写好名词性从句就很容易了。什么样的名词性从句就应该置于什么位置。但是使用名词性从句主要应注意其引导词的用法与区别、何时用it作形式主语或形式宾语来代替真正的主语从句或宾语从句等。(1) He told a lie to everyone. It is wrong. (合并成一个复合句)That he told a lie to everyone is wrong.(2) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. I think(合并成复合句)I think that he told a lie to everyone is wrong. 若宾语从句后还有补足语，要用 it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在句尾。根据英语语言表达方式，如果主语从句或宾语从句太长，可用it作形式主语或形式宾语，真正主语和宾语置于后面，则得出该句最标准的语言表达句式：I think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.(3)Something was going on in the art. They were interested in it.(合并成一个复合句)两句合并成一个句子，首先语义上要符合逻辑，这样可以确定主从句；再根据语法结构及连词的用法表述句子，得出该句为：They were interested in what was going on in the art. (宾语从句)或为：They were interested in something that was going on in the art. (that为定语从句，something that what) 翻译下列句子1. 我猜想你对政治不感兴趣。 _2. 我不知道李甜甜是否能按时到这里。 _3. 为了更好地掌握我们所学的，我们应该被给予更多的机会来运用它。 _4. 你要哪一个就挑选哪一个。 _5. 这位教授给我们提出了一些如何学好英语的建议。 _6. 今天的中国不再是50年前的中国。 _7. 问题是我们什么时候完成这项工程。_8. 这就是古泗州城所处的位置。_9. 这位画家是什么地方人我们都不知道。_10. 我们什么时候开运动会还是个问题。_1. I imagine that youre not interested in politics. 2. I dont know whether Li Tiantian will be here on time. 3. We should be given more opportunities to use what weve learned in order to have a better grasp of it. 4. You may choose whichever you want. 5. The professor gave us some advice on how we could learn English well. 6. China of today is no longer what it was fifty years ago. 7. The question is when well complete the works.8. This was where the Old Sizhou Town lay.9. Where the painter is from is unknown to us all.10. It is still a question when well have our sports meet.ving形式形式ving形式由动词原形加词尾ing构成。有一般时和完成时，及物动词的有主动态和被动态，不及物动词的只有主动态。主动语态被动语态一般时doingbeing done完成时having donehaving been done1v.ing形式的句法功能：(1)用作主语或在形式主语结构中用作真正主语。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(2)用作表语。The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。(3)用作动词宾语，可用于复合宾语结构。You seem to take giving up pretty easily.你似乎很轻易就放弃了。(4)作定语如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。John is an attacking boxer.约翰是一个攻击型的拳击手。(5)v.ing形式作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时， ving形式就变成了主语补足语。She was heard singing all the time.人们听到她一直在唱。(6)作状语，表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式。Crossing the road, he was run over by a car.他在穿过马路时，被一辆轿车从身上碾过。Being sick I went to see a doctor.我因病去看医生。Thinking hard, you will find a good way.仔细想想，你就会找到一个好办法。Knowing all this, they asked us to finish the task in ten days.他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我们在10天之内完成任务。He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper.他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。2v.ing形式的时态与语态。(1)一般式所表示的动作可与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。A big job should be done in popularizing education.普及教育应该花大力气。(2)完成式所表示的动作皆发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。We all got angry for having been cheated by the company.被那家公司欺骗， 我们都很气愤。(3)一般式和完成式都可用于被动式。Jack objects to being kept waiting.杰克反对让他等着。I cant forgive myself for having been attacked by surprise.遭到突然袭击，我不能原谅自己。(4)在句中虽为主动形式，却含有被动意义，这样的词有need, want, require, be worth。The bike needs repairing.自行车需要修理。高考湖南卷的单选题中v.ing形式必考，每年一题，总计1分。1只接v.ing形式作宾语的动词或短语：cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。2既可以接不定式，又可以接v.ing形式的有：(1)意义基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)(2)意义相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事；stop doing 停止正在做的事(3)意义不同。remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生); remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)go on to do(接着做另外一件事); go on doing(接着做同一件事)try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力)；try doing(试试去做，看有何结果)mean to do(打算做，企图做)；mean doing (意思是，意味着)cant help to do(不能帮忙做)；cant help doing(忍不住要做)3不定式与v.ing形式用法比较(1)v.ing形式着重进程；不定式着重结果。He has been trying to solve the problem.他一直在设法解决这一问题。Your work needs correcting.你写的东西需要修改。(2)v.ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行为；而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。Walking for an hour at a street is more exhausting than you seem to think.在街上行走一小时似乎会比你想象的要累。(3)有的动词其后接v.ing形式表示已完成的动作；不定式则表示未完成的动作。I remember closing the window.我记得把窗户关上了。Remember to close the window.记着要关窗户。(4)v.ing形式的逻辑主语可能泛指“人们”；而不定式的逻辑主语则常常是句子中的名词或代词。I hate working on Sundays.我讨厌星期日上班。I hate to smoke.我讨厌抽烟。4注意某些短语中的to不是不定式符号，而是介词，后面应该接v.ing形式(请参阅介词讲解部分)。1. Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. So do I. A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped B此题应选B，句子的真正主语是 each of the students，空格处填的 hopes 是句子谓语，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修饰主语。2. The husband advised _ to the south, but his wife advised him _ up the idea. A. moving; giving B. to move; to give C. moving; to give D. to move; givingC 此题容易误选A，因为许多学生都记住了“advise 后接动词要用动名词而不用不定式”这一搭配规则。但此“规则”的表述是不准确的，准确的说法应该是：advise 后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不用不定式；但若其后接的动词前有宾语，此动词用作宾语补足语时，则此动词要用不定式。即说 advise doing sth.(建议做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建议某人做某事)。类似情况的还有 allow(允许)，permit(允许)，forbid(禁止)等动词，即：allow doing sth. 允许做某事； allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； permit doing sth. 允许做某事，permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事； forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事； forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。顺便说一句，要特别注意以上各句型后一结构的被动语态形式，如：We dont allow smoking in the lab. 我们不准在实验室吸烟。We dont allow people to smoke in the lab. 我们不准人们在实验室吸烟。People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人们不准在实验室吸烟。综上所述，此题答案应选C。同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全同学们来学校和回家的路上要注意安全