中中 考考 英英 语语 专专 题题 -完形填空的解题策略新化十四中新化十四中 陈慧华陈慧华一一. .完形填空的内涵完形填空的内涵 Cloze test直译为中文后，其意为直译为中文后，其意为“闭合，使闭合，使完整的测试完整的测试”。这项考题的。这项考题的理论基础是：将人们对事物全部、完整理论基础是：将人们对事物全部、完整的理解看作是一个闭合的圆，则圆上的的理解看作是一个闭合的圆，则圆上的任意两点之间都有着逻辑上的关系。如任意两点之间都有着逻辑上的关系。如果从这个圆上任意挖去一点或数点，应果从这个圆上任意挖去一点或数点，应该可以根据这种内在的逻辑关系将其推该可以根据这种内在的逻辑关系将其推导还原出来，最终使其闭合，恢复成一导还原出来，最终使其闭合，恢复成一个完整的圆，即将人们对事物的理解重个完整的圆，即将人们对事物的理解重新还原。新还原。二、完形填空试题的测试梯度二、完形填空试题的测试梯度完形填空试题分为四个考点层次完形填空试题分为四个考点层次：单词（单词（word=W）层次）层次 (中考常用）中考常用）词组（词组（phrase=P）层次（中考常用）层次（中考常用）句子（句子（sentence= S）层次）层次语篇（语篇（discourse=D）层次）层次三三. .完形填空题型主要考查学生以完形填空题型主要考查学生以 下几方面的能力下几方面的能力 1.1.综合型阅读理解能力综合型阅读理解能力2.2.语言运用能力语言运用能力 A. A.短语和惯用语短语和惯用语 B. B.句型句型 C. C.语法语法3.3.逻辑推理能力逻辑推理能力4.4.把握作者意图的能力把握作者意图的能力四四. .近几年各地中考完形近几年各地中考完形填空命题的特点填空命题的特点1)1)文章题材、体裁广泛，故事性、趣味性强，结文章题材、体裁广泛，故事性、趣味性强，结构完整、内容贴近生活实际，符合初中生阅读心构完整、内容贴近生活实际，符合初中生阅读心理和认知规律，文章首句不设空。理和认知规律，文章首句不设空。2)2)遵循遵循“以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇考查以实词为主，虚词为辅，突出词汇考查语境化语境化”的命题原则。的命题原则。3)3)侧重考查考生把握全文，根据上下文的逻辑关侧重考查考生把握全文，根据上下文的逻辑关系进行综合分析、推理判断等运用英语的能力的系进行综合分析、推理判断等运用英语的能力的题目比例逐年上升。题目比例逐年上升。 (附) 娄底市中考完形填空特点娄底市中考完形填空特点年年字数字数体裁体裁题材材2007 173记叙文叙文人生哲理人生哲理(成成长体体验)2008179记叙文叙文人生哲理人生哲理(关关爱他人他人)2009 158记叙文叙文人生哲理人生哲理(成成长体体验) (附) 娄底市中考完形填空特点娄底市中考完形填空特点动词名名词形容形容词副副词代代词 连词 介介词 数数词 200714310001200824310000200931310100总计699301011 1、context（上下文、语境）（上下文、语境）3、regular collocation（固定搭配）（固定搭配）2、logic（逻辑）（逻辑）五五.完形填空的解题技巧完形填空的解题技巧(Skills of Cloze Tests ) 4、grammar analysis（语法分析）（语法分析）5、background knowledge（背景知识）（背景知识）Skill 1：Context（上下文、语境）（上下文、语境） In New York, on a Friday night, a young artist stood at the gate of a train station. He was playing his _1_. His music was so great that many people put money into his hat. The next day ,the young artist came to the same place, and played the violin as usual. 1. A. piano B. guitar C. violinviolinviolin When we talked, I discovered（发现）（发现） some differences in school life between the US and China. For example, each class lasts fifty minutes in the US. It is a little _2_ than that in China. We usually have forty-five minutes in each class. 2. A. shorter B. longer C. earlierfiftySkill 2：Logic（逻辑推理）（逻辑推理）forty-five My mother often asked me，“What is the most important part of the body?” I thought sound was very important to us as humans，so I said“My 3 ，Mommy” She said，“NoMany people are deaf（聋的）（聋的）3. A. ears B. eyes C. bodysounddeaf When two people are in a conversation, the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time, in order to make sure that the listener does pay attention 4 what he or she is speaking4. A. for B. of C. topay attentiontoSkill 3：Regular Collocation（固定搭配）（固定搭配）Skill 3：Regular Collocation（固定搭配）（固定搭配） In the morning, the king went to visit the pond. To his surprise, the pond was only filled with water! What happened? Yes! Everyone had the same idea 5 that man. 5. A. with B. to C. asthe sameasSkill 4：Grammar Analysis（语法分析）（语法分析） As a reporter, I think I will meet lots of people and I should be friendly to them. I think Ill also make many good 6 and live with them, because I dont like living alone. 6. A. friend B. friends C. friendsmanysSkill 5：Background Knowledge（背景知识）（背景知识） All over the world people swim for fun. Swimming is enjoyed by people of 7 ages, from the very young to the very old. There are many places for people to swim in swimming pools. 7. A. all B. none C. some六六. .完形填空的解题步骤完形填空的解题步骤 (Steps of Cloze Tests)1 1、跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意3、复读全文，逐个核对，验证答案复读全文，逐个核对，验证答案2、瞻前顾后，瞻前顾后，先易后难，先易后难，各个击破各个击破2mins10mins2minsProblems in the neighborhood Good morning ,ladies and gentlemen: Today, I am very happy to have a meeting with you. At the meeting we will talk about the _31_we have these days. We all know the problems of dogs and the objects falling from windows are getting worse. We have _32_ lots of letters about such problems. So_33_ is time for possible ways to work out these problems. Some dog-owners dont take care of their dogs well enough, and they let their dogs make mess on the roads and in gardens. This makes the environment _34_. I would like to tell the dog-owners that their behavior is too bad, and at the same time they are making people feel unhappy. We should keep the environment _35. It is reported that some people_36_ rubbish out of the windows. It is dangerous because falling objects may_37_ others. It is against the law. We should put up a notice to teach people not to do so. If it is found, we will record the_38_ and address of those people who throw objects. Then, a warning will be given and_39_ will be punished by law. A safe and comfortable living environment is important to us. If we try our best to care for our community, it will be a good place to_40_ in. Thank you for your coming.Step 1：Read-through（跳过空格、通（跳过空格、通读读全文、掌握大意）全文、掌握大意）Which is the main idea of the passage?A.Its about the rubbish out of the windows that may hurt others.B.Its about the dogs that the owners dont take good care of.C.Its about the problems in our community and how to solve them.Problems in the neighborhood Good morning ,ladies and gentlemen: Today, I am very happy to have a meeting with you. At the meeting we will talk about the _31_we have these days. We all know the problems of dogs and the objects falling from windows are getting worse. We have _32_ lots of letters about such problems. So_33_ is time for possible ways to work out these problems. Some dog-owners dont take care of their dogs well enough, and they let their dogs make mess on the roads and in gardens. This makes the environment _34_. I would like to tell the dog-owners that their behavior is too bad, and at the same time they are making people feel unhappy. We should keep the environment _35. It is reported that some people_36_ rubbish out of the windows. It is dangerous because falling objects may_37_ others. It is against the law. We should put up a notice to teach people not to do so. If it is found, we will record the_38_ and address of those people who throw objects. Then, a warning will be given and_39_ will be punished by law. A safe and comfortable living environment is important to us. If we try our best to care for our community, it will be a good place to_40_ in. Thank you for your coming.Step 2：Easy first, hard later （瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破）（瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破）Problems in the neighborhood Good morning ,ladies and gentlemen: Today, I am very happy to have a meeting with you. At the meeting we will talk about the _31_we have these days. We all know the problems of dogs and the objects falling from windows are getting worse. We have _32_ lots of letters about such problems. So_33_ is time for possible ways to work out these problems. Some dog-owners dont take care of their dogs well enough, and they let their dogs make mess on the roads and in gardens. This makes the environment _34_. I would like to tell the dog-owners that their behavior is too bad, and at the same time they are making people feel unhappy. We should keep the environment _35. It is reported that some people_36_ rubbish out of the windows. It is dangerous because falling objects may_37_ others. It is against the law. We should put up a notice to teach people not to do so. If it is found, we will record the_38_ and address of those people who throw objects. Then, a warning will be given and_39_ will be punished by law. A safe and comfortable living environment is important to us. If we try our best to care for our community, it will be a good place to_40_ in. Thank you for your coming. ( )31 A.lessons B. problems C. classes( )32A. Made B.opened C.received( )33 A.that B. it C. this( )34 A. dirty B.quiet C.noisy( )35 A.pleasant B.important C.useful( )36 A .pull B.throw C.take( )37 A.hurt B.help C.move( )38 A.ages B.hobbies C.names( )39A. We B.they C.you( )40 A.study B.live C.work( )31 A. lessons B. problems C. classes( )32 A. made B. opened C. received( )33 A. that B. i t C. thisBCBToday, I am very happy to have a meeting with you. At the meeting we will talk about the _31_we have these days. We all know the problems of dogs and the objects falling from windows are getting worse. We have _32_ lots of letters about such problems. So_33_ is time for possible ways to work out these problems.problemslettersSome dog-owners dont take care of their dogs well enough, and they let their dogs make mess on the roads and in gardens. This makes the environment _34_. I would like to tell the dog-owners that their behavior is too bad, and at the same time they are making people feel unhappy. We should keep the environment _ 35.AA( )34 A. dirty B.quiet C.noisy( )35 A.pleasant B.important C.useful( )36 A .pull B.throw C.take( )37 A.hurt B.help C.move( )38 A.ages B.hobbies C.names( )39A. We B.they C.youIt is reported that some people_36_ rubbish out of the windows. It is dangerous because falling objects may_37_ others. It is against the law. We should put up a notice to teach people not to do so. If it is found, we will record the_38_ and address of those people who throw objects. Then, a warning will be given and_39_ will be punished by law. BACBthrow A safe and comfortable living environment is important to us. If we try our best to care for our community, it will be a good place to_40_ in. Thank you for your coming.B( ) 40 A.study B.live C.work( )31 A. lessons B. problems C. classes( )32 A. Made B.opened C.received( )33 A. that B. it C. this( )34 A. dirty B.quiet C.noisy( )35 A. pleasant B.important C.useful( )36 A. pull B.throw C.take( )37 A. hurt B.help C.move( )38 A. ages B.hobbies C.names( )39 A. We B.they C.you( )40 A. study B.live C.workStep 2：Easy first, hard later （瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破）（瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破）BACBProblems in the neighborhood Good morning ,ladies and gentlemen: Today, I am very happy to have a meeting with you. At the meeting we will talk about the _31_we have these days. We all know the problems of dogs and the objects falling from windows are getting worse. We have _32_ lots of letters about such problems. So_33_ is time for possible ways to work out these problems. Some dog-owners dont take care of their dogs well enough, and they let their dogs make mess on the roads and in gardens. This makes the environment _34_. I would like to tell the dog-owners that their behavior is too bad, and at the same time they are making people feel unhappy. We should keep the environment _35. It is reported that some people_36_ rubbish out of the windows. It is dangerous because falling objects may_37_ others. It is against the law. We should put up a notice to teach people not to do so. If it is found, we will record the_38_ and address of those people who throw objects. Then, a warning will be given and_39_ will be punished by law. A safe and comfortable living environment is important to us. If we try our best to care for our community, it will be a good place to_40_ in. Thank you for your coming.Step 3: Re-read and check（复读全文，逐个核对，验证答案）（复读全文，逐个核对，验证答案）七、七、 学生对完形填空的应考策略学生对完形填空的应考策略 1 1注重首注重首、尾句。尾句。 2 2克服畏难、急躁情绪克服畏难、急躁情绪, ,耐心通读全文。耐心通读全文。 3 3切勿看切勿看到一个空格就急着选出一到一个空格就急着选出一个答个答 案，必案，必须纵观全文、通篇考虑。须纵观全文、通篇考虑。 4 4动笔时先易后难动笔时先易后难, ,注意从文中同样结构或注意从文中同样结构或 类似结构中寻找提示，大胆地作出猜测。类似结构中寻找提示，大胆地作出猜测。5 5如果选项从语法角度无法确定，则必须从如果选项从语法角度无法确定，则必须从 语篇语篇( (前提示、后暗示前提示、后暗示) )意义上加以鉴别。意义上加以鉴别。八、完形填空题的备考方案八、完形填空题的备考方案 2. 扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识1注重阅读教学，提高阅读能力注重阅读教学，提高阅读能力 3. 扩大背景知识，提高阅读技巧扩大背景知识，提高阅读技巧 平时在英语阅读教学时，应侧重于基础语言识的平时在英语阅读教学时，应侧重于基础语言识的积累、文章句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的层积累、文章句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间的层次关系以及段落之间的思维逻辑方面与语言形式方次关系以及段落之间的思维逻辑方面与语言形式方面的内在联系。课外要让学生多读一些阅读材料，面的内在联系。课外要让学生多读一些阅读材料，每个学生可根据自己的兴趣选择难易适中的英语课每个学生可根据自己的兴趣选择难易适中的英语课外读物。我们为学生选用的课外阅读材料主要来自外读物。我们为学生选用的课外阅读材料主要来自于于九年级英语泛读九年级英语泛读、初中英语课外阅读初中英语课外阅读、中学生英语阅读与欣赏中学生英语阅读与欣赏（初中版）、（初中版）、二十一二十一世纪英文报世纪英文报、英语辅导报英语辅导报等。等。 1 1注重阅读教学，提高阅读能力注重阅读教学，提高阅读能力 词汇是语言的基本要素之一，词汇量的大小直接影词汇是语言的基本要素之一，词汇量的大小直接影响到阅读和理解的能力及信息传递。学生要记住积极词响到阅读和理解的能力及信息传递。学生要记住积极词汇问题不大，但是要在考试中认出识忆词汇却不容易。汇问题不大，但是要在考试中认出识忆词汇却不容易。这主要是因为识忆词汇在教材中出现的频率不高，学生这主要是因为识忆词汇在教材中出现的频率不高，学生们往往只记住了识忆词汇的含义，却缺乏举一反三的运们往往只记住了识忆词汇的含义，却缺乏举一反三的运用能力，时间一长会产生遗忘，从而使得这些单词成为用能力，时间一长会产生遗忘，从而使得这些单词成为考试中的拦路虎。针对这一问题，教师可以让学生进行考试中的拦路虎。针对这一问题，教师可以让学生进行大量阅读，因为大量阅读，可以弥补识忆词汇在教材中大量阅读，因为大量阅读，可以弥补识忆词汇在教材中出现频率较少的缺憾，而且还能够通过大量阅读不同的出现频率较少的缺憾，而且还能够通过大量阅读不同的语篇，领会同一词汇方方面面的不同含义，以及派生出语篇，领会同一词汇方方面面的不同含义，以及派生出来的各种词性，为将来灵活运用这些词汇打下坚实的基来的各种词性，为将来灵活运用这些词汇打下坚实的基础。础。 2. 2. 2. 2. 扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识扩大词汇数量，巩固语法知识 帮助学生记忆单词还可以从构词法入手，通过了解英语帮助学生记忆单词还可以从构词法入手，通过了解英语单词的内在规律，而有机掌握单词。英语主要的构词法是派单词的内在规律，而有机掌握单词。英语主要的构词法是派生法（即把词缀（前后缀）附加在词根上构成新的词汇）。生法（即把词缀（前后缀）附加在词根上构成新的词汇）。因此，学生一旦了解常用词根和前后缀的含义，对于记忆单因此，学生一旦了解常用词根和前后缀的含义，对于记忆单词和掌握词汇是大有好处的。此外，学生还需要掌握由基本词和掌握词汇是大有好处的。此外，学生还需要掌握由基本单词派生而来新的词汇，以扩大词汇量。在日常教学中，教单词派生而来新的词汇，以扩大词汇量。在日常教学中，教师还可以教会学生采用合并、归类的方法，注意积累同义词、师还可以教会学生采用合并、归类的方法，注意积累同义词、反义词等，提及语法知识，许多学生自以为学得扎实的就是反义词等，提及语法知识，许多学生自以为学得扎实的就是语法知识。但是传统的英语语法，无论是在教学过程中，还语法知识。但是传统的英语语法，无论是在教学过程中，还是在学习的过程中，往往只局限于句子的框架，而没有注意是在学习的过程中，往往只局限于句子的框架，而没有注意到语篇结构问题，这也就难怪学生在遇到段落较长、结构较到语篇结构问题，这也就难怪学生在遇到段落较长、结构较为复杂的为复杂的“完形填空完形填空”时，手足无措。因此，教师应教会学时，手足无措。因此，教师应教会学生改变自己的学习习惯，树立语篇的概念，从句子入手，注生改变自己的学习习惯，树立语篇的概念，从句子入手，注意学习连句成段、连段成章的方法，提高自己在语篇结构上意学习连句成段、连段成章的方法，提高自己在语篇结构上的语法运用能力。的语法运用能力。 3. 3. 扩大背景知识，提高阅读技巧扩大背景知识，提高阅读技巧